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The idea of intelligent machines has become part of popular culture, and tracing the history of the actual science of machine intelligence reveals a rich network of cross-disciplinary contributions--the unrecognized origins of ideas now central to artificial intelligence, artificial life, cognitive science, and neuroscience. In The Mechanical Mind in History, scientists, artists, historians, and philosophers discuss the multidisciplinary quest to formalize and understand the generation of intelligent behavior in natural and artificial systems as a wholly mechanical process.
Contributors:
Peter Asaro, Horace Barlow, Andy Beckett, Margaret Boden, Jon Bird, Paul Brown, Seth Bullock, Roberto Cordeschi, Jack Cowan, Ezequiel Di Paolo, Hubert Dreyfus, Andrew Hodges, John Holland,Owen Holland, Jana Horakova, Philip Husbands, Jozef Kelemen, John Maynard Smith, Donald Michie, Oliver Selfridge, Michael Wheeler.
Edited by Philip Husbands, Owen Holland and Michael Wheeler [contents] [introduction]

P. Husbands and O. Holland. The Ratio Club: A Hub of British Cybernetics. In P. Husbands, O. Holland, M. Wheeler, (Eds), The Mechanical Mind in History, MIT Press, 91-148, 2008.

P. Husbands and M. Wheeler and O. Holland. The Mechanical Mind . In P. Husbands, O. Holland, M. Wheeler, (Eds), The Mechanical Mind in History, MIT Press, 1-18, 2008. [PDF]

P. Husbands. An interview with John Maynard Smith. In P. Husbands, O. Holland, M. Wheeler, (Eds), The Mechanical Mind in History, MIT Press, 373-382, 2008.

P. Husbands. An interview with John Holland. In P. Husbands, O. Holland, M. Wheeler, (Eds), The Mechanical Mind in History, MIT Press, 383-396, 2008.

P. Husbands. An interview with Oliver Selfridge. In P. Husbands, O. Holland, M. Wheeler, (Eds), The Mechanical Mind in History, MIT Press, 397-408, 2008.

P. Husbands. An interview with Horace Barlow. In P. Husbands, O. Holland, M. Wheeler, (Eds), The Mechanical Mind in History, MIT Press, 409-430, 2008.

P. Husbands. An interview with Jack Cowan. In P. Husbands, O. Holland, M. Wheeler, (Eds), The Mechanical Mind in History, MIT Press, 431-446, 2008.

Jon Bird, Phil Husbands, Martin Perris, Bill Bigge and Paul Brown, Implicit Fitness Functions for Evolving a Drawing Robot. In Proc. 6th European Workshop on Evolutionary
and Biologically Inspired Music, Sound, Art and Design (EvoMUSART '08), Springer, 2008.

Andrew Philippides, Lincoln Smith, Paul Graham, and Phil Husbands, Linked Local Visual Navigation and Robustness to Motor Noise and Route Displacement. In Proc. SAB’08: Animals to Animats X, Springer, 2008.

Daniel Bush, Andrew Philippides, Phil Husbands and Michael O’Shea, Theta Phase Coding and Acetylcholine Modulation in a Spiking Neural Network. In Proc. SAB’08: Animals to Animats X, Springer, 2008.

Moioli, R., Vargas, P., Von Zuben, F. and Husbands, P. Towards the evolution of an artificial homeostatic system. In Proc. World Conf. on Computational Intelligence, WCCI’08, Hong Kong, 2008.

P. Husbands. Robotics. In K. Franklish and W. Ramsey (Eds), The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, CUP, 2008.

D.Floreano, P. Husbands, S. Nolfi. Evolutionary Robotics. In Siciliano, B. and Khatib, O. (Eds.) Springer Handbook of Robotics, Chapter 61, Springer, 2008. [PDF]

L. Smith, A. Philippides, P. Graham, B. Baddeley and P. Husbands, Linked local navigation for visual route guidance, Adaptive Behavior, 15(3):257-271, 2007. [PDF]

P. Husbands and P. Copley and A. Eldridge and J. Mandelis. An Introduction to Evolutionary Computing for Musicians, In E.R. Miranda and J.A. Biles (Eds) Evolutionary Computer Music, 1-27, Springer, 2007.[PDF]

P. Brown, B. Bigge, J. Bird, P. Husbands, M. Perris, D. Stokes, The Drawbots, In Proceeding of MutaMorphosis: Challenging Arts and Sciences, Prague, 2007. [PDF]

Y.S. Shim and P. Husbands, Feathered Flyer: Integrating Morphological Computation and Sensory Reflexes into a Physically Simulated Flapping-Wing Robot for Robust Flight Manoeuvre.
In F. Almeida e Costa (Ed), Proc. ECAL’07, Springer , LNCS 4648, 756-765, 2007. [PDF]

P. Vargas, E. Di Paolo, P. Husbands, Preliminary Investigations on the Evolvability of a Non-Spatial GasNet Model. In F. Almeida e Costa (Ed), Proc. ECAL’07, Springer , LNCS 4648, 966-975, 2007.

Y.S. Shim and P. Husbands. A flapping-wing flying machine with an evolved neurocontroller. In Proc. International Symposium on FLYING INSECTS & ROBOTS , 2007.

J. Mandelis and P. Husbands, Genophone: Evolving Sounds and Integral Performance Parameter Mappings, International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, 15(4):599-621, 2006. [PDF]

L. Smith, A. Philippides and P. Husbands, Navigation in Large-scale Environments Using an Augmented Model of Visual Homing. In S. Nolfi et al. (Eds), Proc. SAB’06: Animals to Animats IX, Springer LNCS 4095, 251-262, 2006. [PDF]

Daniel Bush, Andrew Philippides, Phil Husbands and Michael O’Shea, Investigating STDP and LTP in a spiking neural network. In S. Nolfi et al. (Eds), Proc. SAB’06: Animals to Animats IX, 323-334, Springer LNCS 4095, 2006. [PDF]

D. Bush, A. Philippides, P. Husbands, M. O’Shea, Embodied learning: investigating stable Hebbian learning in spiking neural networks. In Proc. AISB Associative Learning and Reinforcement Learning Workshop, 2006.

G. McHale and P. Husbands, Incorporating Energy Expenditure into Evolutionary Robotics Fitness Measures, In L. Rocha et al. (Eds), Proc. Alife X, 206-212, MIT Press, 2006. [PDF]

P. Husbands. Machine Intelligence, In. A.C. Grayling and A. Pyle and N. Goulder (Eds), Continuum Encyclopedia of British Philosophy, Thoemmes Continuum Press, 2006. [PDF]

2005
Andrew Philippides, Swidbert R. Ott, Phil Husbands, Thelma A. Lovick and Michael O’Shea, Modeling co-operative volume signaling in a plexus of nitric oxide synthase-expressing neurons, Journal of Neuroscience, 25(28): 6520-6532, 2005. [PDF]

A.Philippides and P. Husbands and T. Smith and M. O’Shea. Flexible couplings: diffusing neuromodulators and adaptive robotics. Artificial Life, 11(1&2):139-160, 2005. [PDF]

Paul Brown, Phil Husbands, Margaret A. Boden, Catherine Mason and Alan Sutcliffe, Creating Histories, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Creativity and Cognition, 322-323, ACM Press, 2005.

Jordan Pollack, Mark Bedau, Phil Husbands, Takashi Ikegami and Richard A. Watson (Eds), Artificial Life IX:Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems, MIT Press, 2004. [MIT Press link]

G. McHale and P. Husbands, Quadrupedal locomotion: GasNets, CTRNNs and Hybrid CTRNN/PNNs compared. In J. Pollack et al. (Eds), Proc. Alife IX, 106-112, MIT Press, 2004. [PDF]

G. McHale and P. Husbands, GasNets and other evovalble neural networks applied to bipedal locomotion. In S. Schaal et al. (Eds), Proc. From Animals to Animats 8: Proceedings of the Eigth International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour (SAB'2004), 163-172, MIT Press, 2004 . [PDF]

J. Mandelis and P. Husbands, Don’t just play it, grow it: breeding sound synthesis and performance mappings. In Proc. 4^th Int. Conf. on New Interfaces for Mucial Expresion (NIME’04), 47-50, Hamamatsu, Japan, 2004 .

M. Quinn, L. Smith, G. Mayley and P. Husbands. Evolving controllers for a homogeneous system of physical robots: Structured cooperation with minimal sensors. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A, 361:2321-2343, 2003. [PDF]

J. Bird, P. Layzell, A. Webster, P. Husbands. Towards Epistemically Autonomous Robots: Exploiting the Potentialof Physical Systems, Leonardo 36(2):109-114, (2003) [PDF]

Smith, T.M.C. and Husbands, P. and O'Shea, M. Local evolvability of statistically neutral GasNet robot controllers. Biosystems , 69:223-243, 2003.[PDF]

J. Mandelis and P. Husbands. Musical Interaction with Artificial Life Forms: Sound Synthesis and Performance Mappings. Contemporary Music Review, 22(3):69-77, 2003.[PDF]

A. Philippides, P. Husbands, T. Smith and M. O’Shea. Structure based models of NO diffusion in the nervous system. In J.Feng(Ed.). Computational Neuroscience: a comprehensive approach,pp. 97-130, Chapman and Hall/CRC Press, 2003. [PDF]

2002
Smith, T.M.C. and Husbands, P. and Philippides, A. and O'Shea, M. Neuronal plasticity and temporal adaptivity: GasNet robot control networks. Adaptive Behavior, 10(3/4), 161-184, 2002. [PDF]

T. Reil and P. Husbands. Evolution of Central pattern Generators for Bipedal Walking in Real-time Physics Environments, IEEE Trans. Evolutionary Computation 6(2):10-21, 2002. [PDF]

P. Husbands. Robot Futures. American Scientist 90(4), 381-382, July, 2002.[PDF]

Smith, T.M.C. and Husbands, P. and O'Shea, M. Characterising fitness landscapes through evolvability. Evolutionary Computation, 10(1):1-34, 2002 . [PDF]

Michael Wheeler, Seth Bullock, Ezequeil A. Di Paolo, Jason Noble, Mark Bedau, Philip Husbands, Simon Kirby and Anil Seth The View From Elsewhere: Perspectives on ALife Modeling, Artificial Life 8(1): 87-100, 2002. [PDF]

A.Philippides and P. Husbands and T. Smith and M. O’Shea. Fast and Loose: Biologically Inspired Coupling. In K. Standish et al. (Eds), Proc. Artificial Life VIII, MIT Press, 293-301, 2002. [PDF]

M. Quinn, L. Smith, G. Mayley and P. Husbands. Evolving Team Behaviour for Real Robots. In K. Standish et al. (Eds), Proc. Artificial Life VIII , 302-311, MIT Press, 2002. [PDF]

Smith, T.M.C. and Husbands, P. and Philippides, A. and O'Shea, M. (2002). Temporally adaptive networks: Analysis of GasNet robot control. In K. Standish et al. (Eds), Proc. Artificial Life VIII , 274-282, MIT Press, 2002. [PDF]

Smith, T.M.C., Husbands, P., and O'Shea, M. (2002). Evolvability and analysis of robot control networks. In Hallam, B., Floreano, D., Hallam, J., Hayes, G., and Meyer, J.-A., (editors), From Animals to Animats 7: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour (SAB'2002), pages 394-395. MIT Press, 2002.

T. Smith and A. Philippides and P. Husbands and M. O’Shea Neutrality and ruggedness in robot landscapes. In Proc. IEEE Int. Congress on Evol. Comput., pp1348-1353, IEEE Press, 2002. [PDF]

Smith, T.M.C. and Husbands, P. and Philippides, A. and O'Shea, M. (2002). Evaluating the effectiveness of biologically-inspired robot control networks through operational analysis.. Proc.EPSRC/BBSRC Int. Workshop
on Biologically-inspired robotics: The legacy of Grey Walter, 280-287, 2002.

M. Quinn, L. Smith, G. Mayley and P. Husbands. Evolving Team Behaviour for Real Robots. In EPSRC/BBSRC International Workshop on Biologically-Inspired Robotics: The Legacy of W. Grey Walter, pages 217-224, 2002.

L. Smith and P. Husbands. Navigation in Large Scale Environments. In EPSRC/BBSRC International Workshop on Biologically-Inspired Robotics: The Legacy of W. Grey Walter, pages 272-279, 2002.

C.L.R. Santos; P.P.B. de Oliveira ; P. Husbands and C.R. Souza. Three case studies on the GasNet model in discrete domains. International Journal of Neural Systems, 11(3):295-304, 2001.

P. Husbands and A. Philippides and T. Smith and M. O’Shea. Volume Signalling in Real and Robot Nervous Systems. Theory in Biosciences, 120:253-269, 2001 [PDF]

P. Husbands. Cognitive Science: Real or Imaginary? Artificial Intelligence. 130(2): 191-194, 2001.[PDF]

P. Husbands. Evolving Artificial Intelligence. Review of Nolfi, S. and Floreano, D., Evolutionary Robotics. Trends in Cognitive Science. 5(11), 500, 2001. [PDF]

P. Husbands and A. Philippides and T. Smith and M. O’Shea. The shifting network: Volume Signalling in Real and Robot Nervous Systems In Kelemen, J. and Sosik, P. (Eds.)
Proc. ECAL2001, LNAI 2159, Springer, 23-37, 2001.[invited keynote] [PDF]

N. Jakobi, P. Husbands et al. The Development of a Tool for Optimising the Multi-task Scheduling Problem of a Mail Centre’s Local Distribution Operation. In Proc. Int. Conf. Mail Technology – Evolution to e-Revolution, I. Mech. E. Press, 21-30, 2001.

T. Smith and P. Husbands and M. O’Shea. Neutral networks and Evolvability with a Complex Genotype-Phenotype Mapping. In Kelemen, J. and Sosik, P. (Eds.) Proc. ECAL2001, LNAI 2159, Springer, 272-281, 2001. [PDF]

Smith, T.M.C. and Husbands, P. and O'Shea, M. Neutral Networks in an Evolutionary Robotics Search Space. In Proc. Of Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2001 (CEC’01), 136-145, IEEE Press, 2001.

S. Drake and Husbands, P. Survival of the Sickest: A site-specific recombination operator for accelerated function optimisation. In Proc. Of Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2001 (CEC’01), 1374-1381, IEEE Press, 2001.

Smith, T.M.C. and Husbands, P. and O'Shea, M. Not Measuring Evolvability: Initial Investigation of an Evolutionary Robotics Search Space. In Proc. Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2001 (CEC’01), 9-16, IEEE Press, 2001. [PDF]

C.L.R. Santos; P.P.B. de Oliveira and P. Husbands and C.R. Souza. The quest for stabilisation in GasNet. . Proc. of the V Brazilian Conference on Neural Networks, pp. 367-372, 2001.

A.Philippedes and P. Husbands and M. O'Shea. Four Dimensional Neuronal Signaling by Nitric Oxide: A Computational Analysis. Journal of Neuroscience 20(3): 1199--1207, 2000. [PDF]

P. Husbands and T. Smith and N. Jakobi and M. O'Shea. Better Living through Chemistry: Evolving GasNets for Robot Control, Connection Science, 10(3&4), 185-210, 1998. [PDF]

P. Husbands and I. Harvey and D. Cliff and G. Miller, Artificial Evolution: A new path for AI? Brain and Cognition 34, 130-159, 1997. [PDF]

I. Harvey and P. Husbands and D. Cliff and A. Thompson and N. Jakobi Evolutionary Robotics: The Sussex Approach. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 20, 205-224, 1997. [PDF]

Husbands, P. and I. Harvey and D. Cliff. Circle in the round: State space attractors for evolved sighted robots. Robotics and Autonomous Systems 15(1-2), 83-106, 1995. [PDF]

D. T. Cliff, I. Harvey and P. Husbands. Explorations in Evolutionary Robotics, Adaptive Behaviour 2(1), 71--108, 1993. [PDF]

Husbands, P. An Ecosystems Model for Integrated Production Planning. Int. Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 6(1&2), 74--86, 1993.

P. Husbands and T. Smith and M. O'Shea and N. Jakobi and J. Anderson and A.Phillipides. Brains, Gases and Robots. Proceedings ICANN'98 Springer-Verlag, LNCS, 51-63, 1998. [Invited Keynote]. [PDF]

A. Phillipides and P. Husbands and M. O'Shea. Neural Signalling -- its a Gas! Proc. ICANN'98, L. Niklasson et al.(Eds), Springer-Verlag, 241-250, 1998.

N. Jakobi, P. Husbands and T. Smith. Robot Space Exploration by Trial and Error. In: Proceedings of GP98, J. Koza et al. (Eds), San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 807--815, 1998. [PDF]

J._A. Meyer, P. Husbands and I. Harvey. Evolutionary robotics: A survey of applications and problems.
In P. Husbands and J.-A. Meyer (Eds), Evolutionary Robotics: Proc. EvoRob’98, LNCS 1468, Springer Verlag, 1-21, 1998. [PDF]

P. Husbands. Evolving Robot Behaviours with Diffusing Gas Networks. In P. Husbands and J.-A. Meyer (Eds), Evolutionary Robotics: Proc. EvoRob’98, LNCS 1468, Springer Verlag, 71-86, 1998. [PDF]

P. Husbands and M. McIlhagga and R. Ives. Experiments with an Ecosystems model of integrated production planning. In T. Back, D. Fogel and Z. Michalewicz (Eds.)
Handbook of Evolutionary Computation, Oxford University Press/ Institute of Physics,1997. [PDF]

Husbands, P. and Germy, G. and McIlhagga, M. and Ives, R. Two applications of genetic algorithms to component design. In Evolutionary Computing: Selected papers from AISB workshop on evolutionary computing.
T. Fogaryty (ed.), 50-61, Springer-Verlag, LNCS vol. 1143, 1996.[PDF]

McIlhagga, M. and Husbands, P. and Ives, R. A comparison of search techniques on a wing-box optimisation problem. Proceedings PPSN IV, H. Voigt and W. Ebeling and I. Rechenberg and H.-P.Schwefel (Eds.), 614-623,
Springer-Verlag LNCS vol. 1141, 1996.

McIlhagga, M. and Husbands, P. and Ives, R. A Comparison of Optimisation Techniques for Integrated Manufacturing and Scheduling.In Proceedings PPSN IV, H. Voigt and W. Ebeling and I. Rechenberg and
H.-P. Schwefel (Eds.), 604-613,Springer-Verlag LNCS vol. 1141, 1996. [PDF]

Jakobi, N. and P. Husbands and I. Harvey. Noise and the reality gap: the use of simulations in evolutionary robotics. In Proc. 3rd European Conference on Artificial Life. F. Moran et al. (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, pp.704-720, 1995. [PDF]

Husbands, P. and Harvey, I. and Cliff, D. and Miller, G. The Use of Genetic Algorithms for the Development of Sensorimotor Control Systems. In P. Gaussier and J. Nicoud (Eds.),
Proc. Int. Conf. on Perception to Action (PerAc'94), pp.110-121, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1994. [PDF]

Husbands, P. Distributed Coevolutionary Genetic Algorithms for Multi-Criteria and Multi-Constraint Optimisation. In T. Fogarty (Ed.), Evolutionary Computing, AISB Workshop Selected Papers, pp.150-165,
Springer-Verlag, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 865, 1994. [PDF]

Harvey, I. and Husbands, P. and Cliff, D. Seeing The Light: Artificial Evolution, Real Vision.In D. Cliff and P. Husbands and J.-A. Meyer and S. Wilson (Eds.), From Animals to Animats 3, Proc. of 3rd Intl. Conf. On Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, SAB'94, pp. 392-401, MIT Press/Bradford Books, 1994. [PDF]

Harvey, I., Husbands, P. and Cliff, D. Issues in evolutionary robotics. In From Animals to Animats 2: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on the Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour, Meyer, J., Roitblat, H. and Wilson, S. (Eds.),pp.364-373, MIT Press, 1993.[PDF]

Cliff, D., Husbands, P. and Harvey, I. Evolving visually guided robots. In From Animals to Animats 2: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on the Simulation of Adaptive Behaviour, Meyer, J., Roitblat, H. andWilson, S. (Eds.), pp.374-383,MIT Press, 1993. [PDF]

Husbands, P. and Harvey, I. Evolution versus design: controlling autonomous mobile robots. Proc. 3rd Annual Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Simulation and Planning in High Autonomy Systems.
IEEE Computer SocietyPress, Los Alimitos, CA, June 1992, Pp.139-146. [PDF]

Husbands, P. and Mill, F. Simulated Co-Evolution as The Mechanism for Emergent Planning and Scheduling. Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Genetic Algorithms, Belew, R. & Booker, L. (eds), Morgan Kaufmann, 1991, Pp. 264-270.

Husbands, P. and Meyer, J.-A. (Eds) Evolutionary Robotics: Proceedings of 1st European Workshop on Evolutionary Robotics, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 1468, 1998. [Springer link]

P. Husbands and I. Harvey (Eds.) Proc. 4th European Conference on Artificial Life, MIT Press/Bradford Books, 1997. [MIT Press link]

Cliff, D. and Husbands, P. and Meyer, J-A. and Wilson, S. (Eds.), From Animals to Animats 3: Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, MIT Press/Bradford Books, 1994. [MIT Press link]