Contents

• Contents
• Executive Summary
  • 0.1 Introduction
  • 0.2 Research into Medical Expertise and Decision-Making
  • 0.3 Learning in Clinical Settings
  • 0.4 Learning in Non-Clinical Settings
  • 0.5 Continuing Medical Education and Lifelong Learning
  • 0.6 The Role of Information Technology
  • 0.7 Assessment and Feedback
  • 0.8 Monitoring Postgraduate Education
  • 0.9 Mentoring after Qualification
• 1. Introduction
  • 1.1 Aim of the Review
  • 1.2 Methods Used
  • 1.3 Reporting of Research
  • 1.4 The structure of this Report
• 2. Competence and Judgement
  • 2.1 Competence
  • 2.2 Specifying Competence
  • 2.3 Communicative Competence
  • 2.4 Management Competence
  • 2.5 Judgement
  • 2.6 Summary
• 3. Theories of Expertise
  • 3.1 What Experts Know
    • 3.1.1 Decision Making Skills
    • 3.1.2 Perceptual Skills
    • 3.1.3 Psychomotor Skills
    • 3.1.4 Communicative Skills
  • 3.2 How Experts Do Decision Making
    • 3.2.1 The Sense of Expertise
  • 3.3 What Experts Ought to Do
    • 3.3.1 Clinical Decision Analysis
    • 3.3.2 Evidence-Based Medicine
  • 3.4 The Role of Academic Knowledge
    • 3.4.1 Transfer is a learning process
    • 3.4.2 Problem-based learning
  • 3.5 Summary
• 4. Learning in Clinical Settings
  • 4.1 Evaluations of Postgraduate Basic Training in the UK
  • 4.2 Learning Procedures
  • 4.3 Learning in the Operating Theatre
  • 4.4 Vocational Training of General Practitioners
  • 4.5 Ambulatory Care Settings
  • 4.6 Inpatient Settings
  • 4.7 Summary
  • Summary -- continued
• 5. Learning in Non-Clinical Settings
  • 5.1 Teaching Conferences
  • 5.2 Journal Clubs and Self-Study
  • 5.3 Skills Teaching
  • 5.4 Lectures
  • 5.5 Other Approaches
  • 5.6 Summary
• 6. Continuing Medical Education and Lifelong Learning
  • 6.1 Effectiveness of CME Courses
  • 6.2 Other Intervention Strategies
  • 6.3 Needs Assessment and Audit
  • 6.4 Self Directed Learning
  • 6.5 Continuing Professional Development
  • 6.6 Summary
  • Summary -- continued
• 7. The Role of Information Technology
  • 7.1 Training Systems
    • 7.1.1 Psychomotor Skills
    • 7.1.2 Perceptual Skills
    • 7.1.3 Communication Skills
  • 7.2 Decision Support Systems
  • 7.3 Summary
• 8. Assessment and Revalidation
  • 8.1 Assessment Methods
  • 8.2 Assessment of Performance
  • 8.3 Recertification or Revalidation
  • 8.4 Summary
• 9. Implications for Policy
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Competence and Judgement
  • 9.3 Theories of Expertise
  • 9.4 Implications for Training
  • 9.5 Learning in Clinical Settings
  • 9.6 Learning in Non-Clinical Settings
  • 9.7 Continuing Medical Education
  • 9.8 Information Technology
  • 9.9 Assessment and Revalidation
  • 9.10 Implications for Supervisory and Educational Roles
• Bibliography
• 10. Search Methodology
• 11. Consultations