Preface
General Introduction: "The Concept of Artificial Intelligence"
1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT (456)
Introduction: "The Development of the Concept of Artificial Intelligence: Historical Overviews and Milestones"
1.1 Overview (128)
1.2 Focus (323)2 APPROACHES (790)
2.1 SYMBOLIC AI (345)
Introduction: "Intelligence as Symbol Processing"
2.1.1 Foundational Texts (151)
2.1.2 Developments (191)2.2 SUBSYMBOLIC AND CONNECTIONIST AI (192)
Introduction: "The Emergence of Connectionism"
2.2.1 Historical Contexts (94)
2.2.2 Developments (96)2.3 SITUATED, DYNAMIC AND EVOLUTIONARY AI (260)
Introduction: "Intelligence as a Way of Life"
2.3.1 Situated AI (99)
Historical Context (10)
Developments (89)
2.3.2 Dynamical AI (63)
Historical Context (20)
Developments (43)
2.3.3 Evolutionary AI (49)
Historical Context (20)
Developments (29)3 CRITIQUES AND STUMBLING BLOCKS (218)
Introduction: "Critiques of Artificial Reason"
3.1 Diagonalization and the Limits of Formality (22)
3.2 Phenomenology (97)
3.3 The Lighthill Report (29)
3.4 The Frame Problem (34)4 CONCEPTUAL ISSUES (183)
Introduction: "What is AI? What Is A? What is I?"
4.1 Characterizations of Artificial Intelligence (80) (80)
4.2 The Nature of the Artificial (27)
4.3 Intelligence and the Turing Test (74)5 BROADER CONTEXT (197)
Introduction: "The Concept of Artificial Intelligence in a Wider Perspective"
5.1 Artificial Mentality (48)
5.2 Ethics (28)
5.3 Social Issues (119)
VOLUME I (466)
Preface
General Introduction: "The Concept of Artificial
Intelligence" by Ronald Chrisley
1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT
(456)
Introduction: "The Development of the Concept of Artificial Intelligence: Historical Overviews and Milestones" by Ronald Chrisley
1.1 Overview (128)
[1] Newell, A. 1983 Intellectual
Issues in the History of Artificial Intelligence. In: Machlup, F.
and Mansfield, U. (1983) The Study
of Information - Interdisciplinary
Messages Pp. 187-227 (40 pages)
[2] Gardner. H. (1985) Artificial Intelligence: The Expert Tool. In: Gardner, H. (1985) The Mind's New Science Pp. 138-181. (44 pages)
[3] Glymour, C., Ford, K.M., and
Hayes, P.J., (1995) The
Prehistory of Android Epistemology. Ford, K.M., Glymour C. and Hayes, P.J.
(Eds.) (1995) Android Epistemology
Pp. 3-21 (18 pages)
[4] Mazlish, B. (1995) The Man-Machine
and Artificial Intelligence.
In: The Stanford Electronic Humanities Review, Volume 4,
Issue 2: Constructions of the Mind
Pp. 21-46 (26 pages)
1.2 Focus (323)
[5] Cohen, J. (1965) Theory of Robots
in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries. In: Cohen, J, (1965) Human Robots in Myth and
Antiquity Pp. 68-80 (23 pages)
[6] Descartes, R. (1637) Discourse on Method, part 5. In: Cottingham, J., Stoothoff, R. and Murdoch, D. (trans.) (1985) The Philosophical Writings of Descartes Pp. 131-141 (11 pages)
[7] Hobbes, T. (1651) Leviathan, chapter 5 'Reason and Science', Plamenatz, J. (1962) (Ed.) Leviathan Pp. 81-87 (7 pages)
[8] Leibniz, G. (1677) Preface to the General Science. In: Wiener, P. (1951) (Ed.) Leibniz Selections Pp. 15-18 (4 pages)
[9] Leibniz, G. (1714) The Monadology. In: Cahn, S.M. (Ed.) (1977) Classics of Western Philosophy (3rd. edition) Pp. 604-613 (10 pages)
[11] Fryer, D.M. and Marshall, J.C. (1979) The Motives of Jacques de Vaucanson. In: Technology and Culture 20 Pp. 257-269 (13 pages)
[10] La Mettrie, J. O. de (1747) Man a Machine. In: La Mettrie, J. O. de (1747) Man a Machine Pp. 83-151 (35 fullsize pages)
[84] Lovelace, A. (1842) Translation notes A and
G (excerpts) for Menabrea, L.F. (1942) Sketch of the Analytical Engine
Invented by
Charles Babbage. Taylor, R. (Ed.) (1843), (33 pages)
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[14] Simons, G. (1988) Towards Electronic Computers. In: Evolution of the Intelligent Machines Pp. 53-63 (11 pages)
[15] Cordeschi, R. (1991) The Discovery of the Artificial. Some Protocybernetic Developments 1930-1940. In: AI & Society (1991) 5 Pp. 218-238 Springer-Verlag London Limited (21 pages)
[16] Ross, T. (1935) Machines That Think- A Further Statement. In: Psychological Review, Vol. XLII, 1935 Pp. 387-393 (6 pages)
[17] Ross T. (1937) The Synthesis of Intelligence- Its implications. In: Psychological Review, Vol. XLIV, 1937 Pp. 185-189 (4 pages)
[18] Edwards, P.N. (1996) The Machine in the Middle: Cybernetic Psychology and World War II. In: Edwards, P. (1996) The Closed World Pp. 174-207 (34 pages)
[20] Rosenblueth, A., Wiener, N. and Bigelow, J. (1943) Behavior, Purpose and Teleology. In: Philosophy of Science, 10 (1943) Pp. 18-24 (7 pages)
[19] McCulloch, W.S. and Pitts, W.H. (1943) A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity. In: McCulloch, W. S. (1965) Embodiments of Mind. Pp. 19-40
[25] Von Neumann, J. (1951) The
General and Logical Theory of Automata. In: Jeffress,
L.A. (1951) (Ed.) Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior, The Hixon
Symposium Hafner Publishing Company,
New York (42 pages)
[21] Heims, S.J. (1991) Describing "Embodiments of Mind": McCulloch and His Cohorts. In: Constructing a Social Science for Post War America: The Cybernetics Group 1946-1953 Pp. 31-52 (22 pages)
[22] McCorduck, P. (1979) Robotics and General Intelligence. In: McCorduck, P. (1979) Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence, San Francisco : W. H. Freeman, c1979 Pp. 209-239 (30 pages)
[23] Crevier, D.(1993) The Tree
of Knowledge. In: Crevier, D. (1993) AI: The Tumultuous History of the
Search for Artificial Intelligence
Pp. 145-163 New York: Basic Books of Harper Collins Publishers (18 pages)
VOLUME II (537)
2
APPROACHES (790)
2.1 SYMBOLIC AI (345)
Introduction: "Intelligence as Symbol Processing"
by Ronald Chrisley
2.1.1 Foundational Texts (151)
[24] Turing, A,M. (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence.
In: Mind LIX no. 236 (Oct.1950) Pp. 433--60
(27 pages)
[26] McCarthy, J., Minsky, M.L., Rochester, I.B.M. and Shannon, C.E. (1955) A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence (11 pages)
[27] McCarthy, J. (1958) Programs with Common Sense (with discussion). In: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Mechanization of Thought Processes, National Physical Laboratory,1 Pp. 75-93 (7 pages)
[28] Newell, A., Shaw, J.C. and
Simon, H. (1959) Report on a General Problem-Solving
Program. In: Proceedings of the International
Conference on Information Processing,
1960 256-264. [UNESCO House, Paris, France, June 13-23,
1959.] (8 pages)
[29] Miller, G.A.. Galanter, E. and Pribram, K.H. (1960) The Simulation of Psychological Processes. In: Miller, G.A., Galanter, E. and Pribram, K.H. (1960) Plans and the Structure of Behaviour (16 pages)
[30] Minsky, M. (1963) Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence.
In: Proceedings of the IRE, 49, 1, Jan,
1961, Pp. 8-30. (44 fullsize pages)
2.1.2 Developments (191)
[31] Newell, A. and Simon, H. (1976)
Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols
and Search, The Tenth Turing Lecture. In: Communications of the
Association for
Computing Machinery 19. (28 pages)
[32] Bobrow, D.G. and Hayes, P.J. (Eds.) (1985) Artificial Intelligence-Where are We? In: Artificial Intelligence, 25, 1985 Elsevier Science Publishers BV. (40 pages)
[33] Minsky, M. (1985) Excerpts from The Society of Mind. In: Winston, P.H., and Shellard, S.A (Eds.) (1990), Artificial Intelligence at MIT, Expanding Frontiers Vol 1, Pp. 244-269 (25 pages)
[34] McCarthy, J. (1988) Mathematical Logic in Artificial Intelligence. In: Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Winter 1988, Volume 117, No. 1., Pp. 297-311 (15 pages)
[35] Rosenbloom, P.S., Laird, J. E., Newell, A. and McCarl, R. (1991) A Preliminary Analysis of the Soar Architecture as as Basis for General Intelligence. In: Artificial Intelligence. 47 (1991) Pp. 289-325 (46 pages)
[36] Lenat, D. and Feigenbaum,
E. (1991) On the Thresholds of Knowledge. In: Artificial Intelligence
(47)1-3 (1991) pp. 185-250
2.2 SUBSYMBOLIC AND CONNECTIONIST AI (192)
Introduction: "The Emergence of Connectionism"
2.2.1 Historical Contexts (94)
[37] Aizawa, K. (1992) Connectionism and Artificial Intelligence:
History and Philosophical Interpretation. In: Journal
of Experimental & Theoretical
Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 4, 1992 (18 pages)
[38] Copeland, B.J. and Proudfoot, D. (1996) On Alan Turing's Anticipation of Connectionism. In: Synthese 108, Pp. 361-377, (16 pages)
[39] Rosenblatt, F. (1958) The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain. In: Psychological Review, Vol. 65, No. 6, Pp. 386-408.
[40] Selfridge, O.G. (1959) Pandemonium: a Paradigm for Learning. In: Mechanization of Thought Processes, 1959, Pp. 511-31. (21 pages)
[41] Boden, M. (1991) Horses of
a Different Color? In: Ramsey, Stich and Rumelhart (1991)
Philosophy and Connectionist Theory,
Pp. 3-20 (18 pages)
2.2.2 Developments (96)
[42] Hofstadter, D.R. (1983) Waking
Up from the Boolean Dream, or, Subcognition
as Computation, plus post scriptum. In: Hofstader, D. (1985) Metamagical
Themas: Questing
for the Essence of Mind and Pattern Pp. 631-665 (34 pages)
[43] Waltz, D.L. (1988) The Prospects for Building Truly
Intelligent Machines. In: Daedalus: Journal
of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Vol. 117, No.1 (22 pages)
[44] Smolensky, P. (1990) Connectionism and the Foundations of AI. In: Partridge, D. The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence Pp. 306-327 (22 pages)
[45] Minsky, M. (1990) Logical vs.
Analogical or Symbolic vs. Connectionist or
Neat vs. Scruffy. In: Winston, P.H., and Shellard, S.A
(Eds.) (1990), Artificial Intelligence at MIT,
Expanding Frontiers, Vol 1,
MIT Press. Pp. 218-244 (27 pages)
VOLUME III (478)
Introduction: "Intelligence as a Way of Life" by Ronald Chrisley
2.3 SITUATED, DYNAMIC AND EVOLUTIONARY AI (260)
[46] Dennett, D.C. (1978) Why not the Whole Iguana? In: Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 1, Pp. 103-104. (2 pages)
[47] Steels, L. (1996) The Artificial Life Roots of Artificial
Intelligence. In: Langton, C.G. (1996) Artificial
Life, An Overview (36 pages)
2.3.1 Situated AI (99)
Historical Context (10)
[48] Bateson, G. (1971) The Cybernetics
of "Self" [excerpt from "The Cybernetics of "Self":
A Theory of Alcoholism"].
In: Psychiatry, Vol. 34, No. 1 (1971) Pp. 1-18, Reprinted in:
Bateson, G. (1972) Steps to
an Ecology of Mind. Intertext Books, London. (10 pages)
[From the document enclosed, only
include pages 313 to 320, stating with the section entitled
"Epistemology & Ontology" and
stopping before the section "Alcoholic 'Pride'".
Do not include final paragraph
starting with "We shall proceed..."]
Developments (89)
[49] Smith, B. C. (1991) The Owl and the Electric Encyclopedia.
In: Artificial Intelligence 47 (1991)
251-288 (38 pages)
[50] Brooks, R. A., Intelligence Without Reason, MIT AI Lab Memo 1293, April 1991, Reprinted in Proceedings of 12th Int. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Sydney, Australia, August 1991, Pp. 569-595 (27 pages)
[51] Kirsh D. (1988) Today the Earwig,
Tomorrow Man? In: Artificial Intelligence (47)1-3 (1991)
Pp. 161-184 (24 pages)
2.3.2 Dynamical AI (63)
Historical Context (20)
[52] Ashby, W. R. (1956) Design for an Intelligence-Amplifier.
In:
Shannon, C.E. and McCarthy, J. (Eds.) (1956) Automata
Studies.
Princeton University Press, New Jersey (20 pages)
Permission letter/email sent, no answer yet
Developments (43)
[53] Beer, R., (1995) A Dynamical
Systems Perspective on Agent-Environment Interaction,
Artificial Intelligence
72(1-2), Pp. 173-215. (43 pages) Elsevier Science
Permission letter/email sent, no answer yet
2.3.3 Evolutionary AI (49)
Historical Context (20)
[54] Fogel, L.J., Owens, A.J. and Walsh, M. J. (1966)
Introduction. In: Fogel, L.J., Owens, A.J. and Walsh,
M. J. (1966) Artificial Intelligence
though Simulated Evolution. John Wiley &
Sons Inc., New York (10 pages)
Developments (29)
[55] Husbands, P., Harvey, I. Cliff,
D. and Miller, G. (1997) Artificial Evolution: A
New Path for Artificial Intelligence? In: Brain and Cognition 34,
Pp. 130-159
(29 pages)
3 CRITIQUES AND STUMBLING BLOCKS (218)
Introduction: "Critiques of Artificial Reason" by Ronald Chrisley
[56] Weizenbaum, J. (1976)
Artificial Intelligence. In: Weizenbaum, J. (1976)
Computer Power and Human Reasoning:
From Judgment to Calculation.
Pp. 202-228 (26 pages)
[57] Pagels, H. (1984) Panel Discussion: Has Artificial
Intelligence Research Illuminated Human Thinking?
Pagels, H. (1984) Computer
Culture: The Scientific, Intellectual and Social
Impact of the Computer. New York Academy
of Sciences, New York (23 pages)
3.1 Diagonalization and the Limits of Formality
(22)
[58] Lucas, J.R. (1996) Minds, Machines
and Gödel: A Retrospect. In: Millican, P.J.R. and
Clark, A. (1996) Machines and Thought: The Legacy of Alan Turing.
Pp. 103-124. (22 pages)
3.2 Phenomenology (97)
[59] Dreyfus, H (1965) Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence. Rand Organization (30 pages)
[60] Winograd, T. (1990) Thinking machines: Can there
be? Are we? Partridge D. & Wilks Y.(Eds.) The
Foundations of Artificial
Intelligence: A Sourcebook. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge (23 pages)
[61] Dreyfus, H. (1992) Introduction to the MIT Press Edition. In: Dreyfus, H. (1992) What Computers Still Can't Do. Pp. 1-67 (44 pages)
3.3 The Lighthill Report (29)
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[65] McCarthy, J., (1974)
Review of ``Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey'' by
Professor Sir James Lighthill. Artificial
Intelligence, Vol. 5, No. 3. pp. 317-322 (7 pages)
3.4 The Frame Problem (34)
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[63] Fodor, J. (1987) Modules, Frames,
Fridgeons, Sleeping Dogs, and the Music of the Spheres. In:
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (Ed.) (1987) The Robot's Dilemma: The Frame Problem
in Artificial Intelligence
Pp. 139-149 (11 pages) Norwood
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VOLUME IV (380)
4 CONCEPTUAL ISSUES (183)
Introduction: "What is AI? What Is A? What is I?" by Ronald Chrisley
4.1 Characterizations of Artificial Intelligence (80) (80)
[66] Haugeland, J. (1985) Introduction. In: Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea. Pp. 2-12 (11 pages)
[67] Schank, R.C. (1990) What is AI Anyway? Partridge,
D. and Wilks, Y. (Eds.)(1990) The Foundations of
Artificial Intelligence: A Sourcebook. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge (11 pages)
[68] Suchman, L.A. and Trigg, R.H. (1997) Artificial Intelligence
as Craftwork. In: Chaiklin, S. and Lave, J. (1993)
(Eds.) Understanding Practice: Perspectives on
Activity and Context. Pp. 144-178 (35 pages)
[69] Agre, P. (1997) The Soul Gained
and Lost: Artificial Intelligence as a Philosophical Project. In: Daedalus:
Journal of the
American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Winter 1988, Volume 117, No. 1., Pp. 1-21 (21 pages)
4.2 The Nature of the Artificial (27)
[73] Simon, H. (1969) Understanding the Natural and the Artificial World. In: Simon, H. (1969) Sciences of the Artificial. Pp. 1-24 (24 pages)
4.3 Intelligence and the Turing Test (74)
[70] Neisser, U., Boodoo, G., Bouchard,
T. J., Jr., Boykin, A. W., Brody, N., Ceci, S. J., Halpern,
D. F., Loehlin, J. C., Perloff, R., Sternberg, R. J., &
Urbina, S. (1996).
Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns.
American Psychologist, 51, Pp. 77-101. (25 pages)
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Test: AI's Biggest blind alley? In: Millican, P. & Clark, A.
(Eds.)) Machines and Thought:
The Legacy of Alan Turing. Oxford University Press. Pp.
53-62 (10 pages)
5 BROADER CONTEXT (197)
Introduction: "The Concept of Artificial Intelligence
in a Wider Perspective" by Sander Begeer
5.1 Artificial Mentality (48)
[74] Bechtel, W. (1994) Consciousness: Perspectives from Symbolic and Connectionist AI. In: Neuropsychologia, 33, Pp. 1075-1086. (12 pages)
[75] Wright, I.P, Sloman, A, & Beaudoin L.P, Towards a Design-Based Analysis of Emotional Episodes (with commentaries). In Philosophy Psychiatry and Psychology Vol 3, No 2, 1996, Pp. 101-126, (26 pages)
[76] Margaret A. Boden (1998) Creativity
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Vol. 103 (1-2) Pp. 347-356. (10 pages)
5.2 Ethics (28)
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Mind and Artifice. In: Gill, K.S. (Ed.) (1986) Artificial
Intelligence for Society. Pp. 55-72 (18 pages)
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Intelligence and Ethics: An Exercise in the Moral Imagination.
In: The AI Magazine (1986) Vol.
7 No. 2 Pp. 70-79. (10 pages)
5.3 Social Issues (119)
[79] Armer, P. (1962) Attitudes
Toward Intelligent Machines. In: Armer, P. (1962)
Attitudes Toward Intelligent Machines. In: The RAND Corporation,
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[82] Adam, A. (1998) The Knowing Subject in AI. In: Adam, A. (1998) Artificial Knowing, Gender and the Thinking Machine. Routledge, London. (30 pages)
[83] Bolter, J.D., (1984) Artificial Intelligence. In: Bolter, J.D., (1984) Turing's Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age. Pp. 189-213 (25 pages)