Introduction. Here is the second (of two) assessed exercises. It consists of three tasks.

• Task 1 (worth 40%) is here.
• Task 2 (worth 45%) is here.
• Task 3 (worth 15%) is here.

The necessary Java files for all three tasks can be found for convenient download here:

• Zip archive
• Github repo

The webpages describing the three tasks also feature download links to individual files. It is probably easier to download them in bulk

When and how to submit. The second assessed exercise is due Fri, 20 Dec 2019, 18:00. Note that this is after term has finished (you are to submit earlier). Submission is electronic, so no need to be on campus. To assure anonymity, please submit via the course's Canvas page. For submission guidelines see here.

Your task is to implement, in Java, code generators. As source language we take subsets of (a minor variant of) the simple language that we generated code for in the lectures (see the lecture notes, Page 5). As usual, the language is represented by ASTs. The target language is RISC-V machine code.

Background. It might be interesting to see the language you will have to compile in it's conventional (non-AST) form. Here it is as a context free grammar.

PROG → DEC | DEC; PROG 
DEC → def ID (VARDEC) = E
VARDEC →  ε | VARDECNE 
VARDECNE → ID | VARDECNE, ID 
ID → ... (identifiers)
INT → ... (Integers)
E →  INT 
  | ID 
  | if E COMP E then E else E endif
  | (E BINOP E)
  | (E)
  | skip
  | (E; E)
  | while E COMP E do E endwhile
  | repeat E until E COMP E endrepeat
  | ID := E
  | ID(ARGS)
  | break
  | continue
ARGS → ε | ARGSNE
ARGSNE → E | ARGSNE, E
COMP → == | < | > | <= | >=
BINOP → + | - | * | / 

The ASTs for this language can be found here (and in the Zip file / Github above). Do note change these definitions at all! (except by adding new methods). If you change them in a way that my test suite will not compile, you will get 0 points.

An important difference from the pseudo-code used in the lectures is that in declarations we use numbers as variables (instead of strings). Variable 1 refers to the first (leftmost) variable in the declaration, variable 2 to the second from the left and so on. For example the procedure

def f(x,y,z) = { if x == y then z else 0 }

Declaration ( "f", 
              3, 
              new If ( new Variable ( 1 ), 
                       new Equals (),
                       new Variable( 2 ),
                       new Variable( 3 ),
                       new IntLiteral ( 0 ) ) );

The meaning of break and continue will be explained in Task 3. Note that you don't have to write a lexer or parser for this language, only a code generator. All your code generators will use the following given classes.

Notes on the implementations. It is your task to implement the code generators in Java. You will have to use the following interface and exception to implement the code generators.

class CodegenException extends Exception {
    public String msg;
    public CodegenException ( String _msg ) { msg = _msg; } }

interface Codegen {
    public String codegen ( Program p ) throws CodegenException; }

The RISC-V code to be produced is returned by all these methods as a string. Don't print out the generated code. Just return it as a string.

You can download these here (and in the Zip file / Github above). Do note change these definitions at all! If you change them, my test suite will not compile and you will get 0 points. I will instantiate your code generators with the following classes, one for each task.

  class Task1 {
     public static Codegen create () throws CodegenException { ... } }
  
  class Task2 {
     public static Codegen create () throws CodegenException { ... } }
  
  class Task3 {
     public static Codegen create () throws CodegenException { ... } }

(You find these three code fragments here, here and here, and in the Zip file / Github above.) To implement e.g. Task 1, replace the ... with appropriate code that instantiates the Codegen interface (see here for a convenient suggestion how to implement the create method -- there are other ways). If you don't want to do a task, just throw a CodegenException exceptions in create instead.

The codegen method is intended to generate code for a whole p of type Program. The code generated for a whole program p includes preamble, data layout directives etc. The generated code should be valid and executable RISC-V code. You need to add alignment instructions and ensure that upon start of your program control is handed to the initial program, and upon termination control is handed back.

The code generators for Task 1 and Task 2 work only on subsets of the language. The test suite I will use for Task 1 will only use ASTs that are valid programs in the subset of Task 1. The test suite I will use for Task 2 will only use ASTs that are valid programs in the subset of Task 2. So it doesn't matter what your code generators for these tasks do when they encounter ASTs that are not valid in the relevant subsets. For example if you do Task 1 and 2, it makes sense to write a code generator for Task 2, and then let Task1.create as well as Task2.create return the same code generator.

The generated code must do the following.

• Be syntactically correct, meaning is must compiler.
• Generate syntactically correct code, meaning generated code must run in the RARS emulator.
• Implement the accumulator machine described in the lectures. You should use a0 as accumulator. The final result of the program should also be in a0. If you don't want to implement an accumulator machine, then please contact me beforehand and discuss this matter with me.
• Implement the meaning of the program correctly, i.e. 4+4 must evaluate to 8 and so on.
• Should not lead to an error when being executed, e.g. due to memory misalignment.
• Integers should be mapped to RISC-V 32 bit integers, as described in the lectures. Note that you don't have to care about integer overflow. All integers occurring in test-data will be sufficiently small to avoid overflow.
• In particular, as an elaboration of the previous point, integer multiplication and integer division on RISC-V can conceivably overflow the target register. All tests cases regarding integer multiplication and integer division will be small enough to fit into a 32 bit register (e.g. 4*2 or 7/-3).

You can assume that each program that I use to test your submission definition defines at least one procedure. You can also assume that all declarations in a program have distinct names. All programs are valid, e.g. contain no type errors. Moreover, the first declaration in the declaration list of a program takes 0 arguments. This first declaration is to be executed first, i.e. it is the procedure that should be executed when control is handed over to the code your code generator produces. Note that the first procedure does not have to be called main.

Note that the test suite will call the codegen multiple times on the same object of type Codegen.

Use the provided CodegenException to signal errors or problems in your code generator. Do not use other means of signalling errors. In particular, please don't abort the program if you encounter a problem.

How to avoid common mistakes. Here is a list of suggestions that help you avoid common mistakes, all of which I've seen in plenty of submission last year:

• You'll need a function that generates fresh labels. Don't hardcode labels, ensure that the function generates a fresh label every time it is called. Don't use a random generator for this, use a global/static variable for this purpose. This is one of the few legitimate uses of global/static variables.
• If your sumission for the first assessed CW suffered from problems related to using instance variables where you should have used method-specific variables, ensure that you don't make this mistake again.
• The RISC-V assumbly your submission needs to generate a string, which each new assembly command being on a new line. It's easy to forget a "\n" here or there, if you add them 'by hand'. Hint: don't put them in by hand. Have your code generator generate an auxiliary list (or similar) of RISC-V commands and then transform this into a string where the "\n" are automatically added.
• Check that your submission is not miscompiling conditionals like if/then/else or loops in the sense that if the condition evaluates to true then the else-branch is executed and vice versa.
• Repeated implementations of the translation of conditionals: The source language has several places where conditionals need to be translated: if, while, and repeat. I recommend not to repeat the code generator for conditional three times, but have an auxiliary function generating the code, and calling that auxiliary method for if, while and repeat. Note that the conditional for repeat is the 'other way round' in comparison with while so a joint translation method would a way of handling the two different ways of translating conditionals.
• I suggest to be careful about the evaluation order in the translation of procedure invocation: should it be left-to-right or right-to-left? What is the evaluation order in the lecture notes?
• I strongly suggest to write and submit only one code generator that coveres all the features you want to implement. It's a bad idea to submit e.g. a different code generator for Task 1 and for Task 2 (e.g. commenting out Task 2 features in the code generator for Task 1).
• I suggest that you split your code generator into at least the following three methods: codegenProg, codegenDecl and codegenExp that translagte programs, declarations and expressions, respectively. You are welcome to have more (e.g. for comparison operations and arithmetic expressions).
• I suggest to ensure that your submission isn't 'noisy', meaning what you submit does not emit debug output: the problem with debug output is that it might be interpreted as RISC-V assembly which leads to errors.
• I strongly recommend testing your code before submission. Note that cutting/pasting code into RARS is insufficient as test, because that doesn't test the termination of the code generated by your code generator (think: returning a result (in the accumulator) to the OS).

Test suite. A small test suite that you can use is available here.