University of Sussex

 

BA International Relations

Final Year option, Autumn 2003

 

War and Genocide

 

Seminars: 9-10.50 (Group 1) and 11-12.50 (Group 2), Tuesdays, Prefab 3 except weeks 5/6

Tutor: Professor Martin Shaw

Office hours Mondays, 2-2.50 and Tuesdays, 1-1.50, E504

01273 678032 m.shaw@sussex.ac.uk

Secretary: Shirley Stay, E407, 678892 s.a.stay@sussex.ac.uk

 

 

Course summary

 

1          Tuesday 7 October                            War

2          Tuesday 14 October                          Genocide

3          Tuesday 21 October                          War and the state

4          Tuesday 28 October                          Capitalism, industrialism and modernity

 

Tuesday 4 November                            no seminars (reading week)

 

5          Tuesday 11 November                      Ideology and media /course essay due

6          Friday 14 November (Prefab 1)             Killing spaces

7          Tuesday 18 November                      Combatants, participants, perpetrators

8          Tuesday 25 November                      Victims / term paper outlines due

9          Tuesday 2 December                        Movements

10        Tuesday 9 December                        Peace and justice?

 

If you are working with a hard copy of this list, online references will be underlined. To access these, you will need to use the online version at  www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/hafa3/lists/warandgenocide.htm

 

For library references (essential readings only), go to

http://catalogue.sussex.ac.uk

 


Aims and objectives

 

War has been understood in IR as a function of conflicts between states and a question of foreign and defence policy. This course aims, in contrast, to ask what it means to understand war as a social activity, in the context of other kinds of social relations. The course examines war as a social process centred on killing, and explores the extension of this process into genocide, where civilian social groups are the enemy. The course aims to confront these issues both theoretically, through military and social theory, and empirically, through historical and contemporary case studies. The course considers the general characteristics of modern war and genocide, but also explores the transformations of war and genocide in the 21st Century.

 

Course information

 

Seminars

 

There will be a weekly seminar of 1 hour 50 minutes for each group. Each seminar session will be broken into two parts, concerned with each of the week's questions in turn. One member of the seminar will produce a make a short presentation to introduce the discussion of each question, so that there will be 2 presentations per week.

 

Reading list

Text

My new book, War and Genocide: Organised Killing in Modern Society (Polity, 2003) is a general textbook for this course, and the weeks' sessions follow this book, although not in a mechanical fashion. You should read a chapter each week. Note, in particular, that you will be expected to have read Chapter 1 before the first seminar in week 1.

 

The book should be seen as a starting-point for research and discussion, not the last word! Indeed it is particularly important that you use your reading, where appropriate, to challenge as well as extend the arguments of the text. I expect the course to reveal issues/deficiencies in the book, so please don't hesitate to make constructive criticisms either in seminars or in one-to-one discussion.

 

Core

These are essential readings that presenters must read and other members should normally read before the seminars.

 

Background

Presenters should look at some of these readings each week. Otherwise you should read these mainly for essays and term papers. Some background lists are longer than others; this is partly because relevant items have already been listed. In case of any items being unavailable in the Library, look for substitutes or consult me - in extremis I may be able to lend you the relevant book or article.

 

Internet materials are indicated in the hardcopy by underlinings, and you will find them by going to the links in the online version. Please email me with details of any Internet materials that you find useful. I am editor of www.theglobalsite.ac.uk and my personal website is at www.martinshaw.org. Many materials relevant to this course will be found on these sites, especially in the global library database, www.theglobalsite.ac.uk/global-library.

 

Assessment

 

This course is assessed by a 4000 word term paper, submitted in May. Your term paper should be on a question or topic of your own devising, relating to the themes and arguments of the course. The subject should be clearly different from that of your course essay, and from assessed work for other courses. Consult me if in doubt about overlaps.

 

The University lays down that there is no supervision for term papers, but you may consult me, even after the course has ended, either in my office hours or by email.

 

Coursework

 

There will be one course essay of approximately 2000 words to be handed in at the seminar in week 6. You may write on any of the topics in the courses, using the seminar questions as a guide, or you may produce your own topics relevant to the themes of the course. If in doubt, consult.

 

The second item of coursework will be an outline of your term paper, to be submitted at the seminar in week 8 and given back with comments in week 10. This should include, on two sides of A4:

·        this may or may not be based on one of the seminar questions or topics;

·        a summary of your proposed argument;

·        a short bibliography (5-10 items).

 

Feedback

 

I am keen to hear your evaluations of this course and my teaching. Please raise difficulties as they arise. Course evaluation forms will be distributed in week 9.

 

References

 

I am always willing, like all faculty, to write references (as many as needed) for every student on my courses. The first time you need a reference, send me by email

Please leave any forms or envelopes to be used, in the folder on the door of my office.

You may use my name in future, after completion of your degree, but keep me updated on your progress.

 

Programme

 

Week 1

 

War and killing

 

At the seminar meeting in the first week we will get to know each other and plan our meetings for the rest of the term. However this session will also be a substantive beginning to the course, although without presentations. You are expected to have read at least the two 'text' sections below.

 

Text: War and Genocide, Introduction and Chapter 1, 1-31, and 'The new Western way of war', 238-40

 

1          What is war, and what is the role of killing in it?

 

Core reading

Michael Howard, Clausewitz, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981

John Keegan, The Face of Battle, London: Cape 1976

 

Background reading

Joanna Bourke, An intimate history of killing: face-to-face killing in twentieth-century warfare, London: Granta, 1999

Karl von Clausewitz, On War (ed. Peter Paret & Michael Howard), Princeton: Princeton UP 1976

WB Gallie, Philosophers of War and Peace (chapter on Clausewitz), Oxford: Oxford UP 1978

Colin Gray, Modern Strategy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998

Raymond Aron, Clausewitz: Philosopher of War, London: RKP 1983

Peter Paret, Clausewitz and the State, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1976

Edward Mead Earle, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy, Princeton: Princeton UP 1971

Michael Howard, The Causes of Wars, London: Allen & Unwin 1985, 1-115

Mary Kaldor, The Baroque Arsenal, London: Deutsch 1982

Martin Shaw, Dialectics of War, London: Pluto 1988, Chapter 1 Critique of Sociology and Military Theory

Martin Shaw, Post-Military Society, Cambridge: Polity 1991, Chapter 1

Martin Shaw, 'Strategy and slaughter' (review of Gray) and Gray's reply, 'In praise of strategy', Review of International Studies, 29, 2, 2003, 269-78 and 285-96

Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State and War, New York: Columbia 1959

Kalevi J Holsti, Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648-1989, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, Chapter 1, 1-24

Daniel S Geller and J David Singer, eds., Nations at War: A Scientific Study of International Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge UP 1998

Leon Bramson and George W Goethals, eds, War: Studies from Psychology, Sociology and Anthropology, New York: Basic Books 1978 (chs by Malinowski, Mead, Spencer)

Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression, London: Methuen 1966

Anthony Storr, Human destructiveness: the roots of genocide and human cruelty, London: Routledge 1991

 

2          What was the role of killing in the US/UK war in Iraq in 2003, and how far did this war bear out the idea of 'risk-transfer war and militarism'?

 

Core

Martin Shaw, 'Risk-transfer militarism, small massacres and the historic legitimacy of war', International Relations, 16 (3), 343-60, December 2002

Aldo A. Benini and Lawrence H. Moulton, 'The Distribution of Civilian Victims in An Asymmetrical Conflict: Operation Enduring Freedom, Afghanistan' (unpublished paper, 2003, to be made available by MS)

www.iraqbodycount.net/bodycount.htm

and other sources on the Iraq war (up to date list will be provided in October)

 

Background

Carl Conetta, Strange Victory: A critical appraisal of Operation Enduring Freedom and the Afghanistan war. Project on Defense Alternatives Research Monograph #6, 30 January 2002. Cambridge, MA:, Commonwealth Institute, 2002

Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War, Macmillan 1991

Edward Luttwak, 'Towards post-heroic warfare', Foreign Affairs 74(3), 1995, 109-22

Lawrence Freedman, 'The changing forms of military conflict', Survival 40 (4) 1998-99, 39-56

Craig A Snyder, ed., Contemporary Security and Strategy, London: Macmillan 1999

Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars, Cambridge: Polity 1999

Michael Ignatieff, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, London: Chatto and Windus 2000

 

 

 

 

 


2

Genocide

 

Text: War and Genocide, Chapter 1, 34-53; and Episode III, 78-81

 

1          What is genocide and how is it related to war?

 

Core

G. J. Andreopoulos, ed., Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions. Pittsburgh: University of Pennsylvania Press 1994

James J Reid, 'Total war, the annihilation ethic, and the Armenian genocide, 1870-1918' in R G Hovannisian, ed., The Armenian genocide: history, politics, ethics, Basingstoke: Macmillan 1992 (see also other chapters)

Eric Markusen and David Kopf, The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing: Genocide and Total War in the Twentieth Century, Boulder: Westview 1995

 

Background

Raphael Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1944

Leo Kuper, Genocide, Harmondsworth: Penguin 1981

Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn,  The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies. New Haven: Yale University Press 1991

Helen Fein, Genocide: A Sociological Perspective. London: Sage 1993

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in A. Roberts and  R. Guelff, Documents on the Laws of War. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000

Howard Adelman and Astri Suhrke, eds, The path of a genocide: The Rwanda crisis from Uganda to Zaire. New Brunswick, N.J.; Transaction Publishers 2000

 

2          What was the significance of the war context to the Nazis' genocide of the Jews?

 

Core

Christopher Browning, The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1992, esp. Chapter 1

Eric Markusen and David Kopf, The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing: Genocide and Total War in the Twentieth Century, Boulder: Westview 1995

 

Background

Lucy Davidowicz The War Against the Jews, London: Penguin 1985

Sarah Gordon, Hitler, Germans and the ‘Jewish Question’, Princeton: Princeton University Press 1985

D J Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Little, Brown 1996

Raul Hilberg, The destruction of the European Jews. New York: Holmes, 1985

Hamburg Institute for Social Research, ed. The German Army and Genocide: Crimes Against War Prisoners, Jews and Other Civilians in the East, 1939-1944. New York: New Press 1999

Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Harmondsworth: Penguin 1996

Arno Mayer, Why Did the Heavens not Darken? The Final Solution in History. London: Verso 1989

 

 

3

War and the state

 

Text: War and Genocide, Chapter 1, pp 34-53

 

1          In what ways is war connected to the state?

 

Core

Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence, Cambridge: Polity 1985, Chapter 9

Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, Volume 2, Cambridge: Cambridge UP 1993, Chapter 1

 

Background

Christopher Dandeker, Surveillance, Power and Modernity, Cambridge: Polity 1990, Chapter 4, ‘Military Power, Capitalism and Surveillance’, 66-109

Charles Tilly, 'War making and state making as organized crime', in Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge UP 1985, 169-85

Victor Kiernan, ‘Conscription and Society in Europe before the War of 1914’, in M R D Foot, ed., War and Society, London: Elek 1973

Kalevi J Holsti, The State, War and the State of War, Cambridge: Cambridge UP 1996, Chapters 1 and 2, 1-40

Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, eds. Democracy, Liberalism and War: Rethinking the Democratic Peace Debate. Boulder: Lynne Rienner 2001

Michael Mann, States, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Blackwell 1988, Chapter 3, 'State and Society, 1130-1815'

Michael Howard, War and the Nation-State, Daedalus, 108:4, 1979, 101-110

 


2          What are the relationships between states and non-state actors in genocides (including 'ethnic cleansing')?

 

Core

Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing, forthcoming 2004 ('The argument' and 'The colonial darkside of democracy' online)

Raul Hilberg, Perpetrators, victims, bystanders: the Jewish catastrophe 1933-1945. London: Lime Tree, 1993

Jan Gross, Neighbors: the destruction of the Jewish community in Jedwabne, Poland, Princeton: Princeton University Press 2001

 

Background

Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany, Oxford: Oxford UP 2002

D J Goldhagen, Hitler's willing executioners: ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, New York: Little, Brown 1996

Christopher R Browning, Ordinary Men, New York: Harper 1992

Michael Mann, 'Were the perpetrators of ethnic cleansing "ordinary men" or "real Nazis"? Results from 1500 biographies', Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 14, 3, Winter 2000, 331-366

J. Knowlton and T. Cates, eds, Forever in the Shadow of Hitler, New Jersey 1993 (articles by Nolte, Habermas)

R J Evans, In Hitler's Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past, London 1989

Michael Robert Marrus, ed., The Nazi Holocaust. Volume 8, Bystanders to the Holocaust Westport: Meckler,1989

Radika Omaar, R. and de Waal, A. Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance. London: Africa Rights 1994

Linda Melvern, A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide. London: Zed 2000

Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2001

Alison DesForges, Leave None to Tell the Story: the Genocide in Rwanda, New York: Human Rights Watch 1999

 

 


4

Capitalism, industrialism and modernity

 

Text: War and Genocide, Chapter 4, pp 82-97

 

1          Is capitalism is inherently either peaceful or militaristic? How did the 'industrialisation of warfare' produce the basis of modern militarism?

 

Core

Michael Mann, ‘Capitalism and Militarism’ in Martin Shaw, ed., War, State and Society, London: Macmillan 1984 and in Mann, States, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Blackwell 1988

William H MacNeill, The Pursuit of Power, Oxford: Blackwell 1982

Jacques van Doorn, The Soldier and Social Change, London: Sage 1973, Ch. 1, ‘The Genesis of Military and Industrial Organisation’, 5-28

Mary Kaldor, ‘Warfare and Capitalism’, in EP Thompson et al, Exterminism and Cold War, London: Verso 1982

 

Background

Maurice Pearton, The Knowledgeable State, London: Burnett Books 1982

John MacKenzie, Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion 1880-1960, Manchester: Manchester UP 1984

Bernard Semmel, Marxism and the Science of War, Oxford: Oxford UP 1981, esp 3-5, 66-71

Raymond Aron, War and Industrial Society, Oxford: Oxford UP 1958 and ‘War and Industrial Society: A Reappraisal’, Millennium, Vol. 7, 1978-9

EH Carr, ‘The Marxist Attitude to War’ (Note E), in The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1923, Harmondsworth: Penguin 1966

WB Gallie, Philosophers of War and Peace, Oxford UP 1978, Chapter on Marx/Engels

Nikolai Bukharin, Imperialism and World Economy, London: Merlin 1972

Karl Liebknecht, Militarism and Anti-Militarism, London: Writers/Readers 1972

Mary Kaldor, The Baroque Arsenal, London: Deutsch 1982, especially Chapter 1, 'The Weapons System', 7-20

Martin Shaw, Dialectics of War, London: Pluto 1988; ‘War, imperialism and the state-system: a critique of orthodox marxism for the 1980s’, in Shaw, ed., War, State and Society, London: Macmillan 1984; Post-Military Society, Cambridge: Polity 1991, Chapter 1

 


2          What is the significance of modernity for genocide? Are genocidal 'ethnic wars' senseless, irrational and pre-modern?

 

Core

Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust, Cambridge: Polity 1991

Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, Cambridge: Polity 1999

David Keen, 'War: what is it good for?', Contemporary Politics, 2, 1, Spring 1996 and in T. Allen, K. Hudson and J. Seaton, eds. War, Ethnicity and the Media, London: Zed 1999, or 'A Rational Kind of Madness', Oxford Development Studies, 25, 1, 1997

 

Background

Hans Joas, War and Modernity, Cambridge: Polity 2003, chapter on Bauman

Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming 2004 (Chapter 1, 'The argument' online)

Mats Berdal and David Keen, 'Violence and Economic Agendas in Civil Wars: Considerations for Policymakers', Millennium, 26, 3, 1997

Stathis Kalyvas, 'New and old civil wars: a valid distinction?', World Politics, 54:1, 2001, 99-118
Paul Richards, Fighting for the Rainforest: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra
Leone
, London: James Currey, 1996

Radika Omaar and Alex de Waal, Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance, London: Africa Rights, 1994

Mark Duffield, Global governance and the new wars: the merging of development and security. London: Zed 2001

 


5

Ideology and media

 

NO SEMINARS on 4th November; these will take place on 11th November

 

Text: War and Genocide, Chapter 5, 100-25

 

1          How far are media means of propaganda and war mobilisation in Western democracies?

 

Core

Philip M Taylor, War and the Media: Propaganda and Persuasion in the Gulf War, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992

Martin Shaw, Civil Society and Media in Global Crises: Representing Distant Violence, London: Pinter 1996, Part III, From managed media to active representation: the Gulf War and the Kurdish refugee crisis, Chapters 6 and 8

 

Background

Philip Hammond and Edward S. Herman, eds, Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis, London: Pluto, 2000 (also review by Shaw, The uses of media studies)

W Lance Bennett and David L Paletz, eds, Taken by Storm, London: University of Chicago Press, 1994

Jean Baudrillard, The Gulf War did not take place, Sydney 1995

Christopher Norris, Uncritical Theory: Post-modernism, Intellectuals and the Gulf War, London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1992

Edward S Herman, 'The Media's Role in US Foreign Policy', Journal of International Affairs, 47, 1, 1993

Noam Chomsky and B. Dajenais, Manufacturing Consent, New York: Pantheon, 1988

Derrick Mercer et al., The Fog of War: The Media on the Battlefield, London: Heinemann 1987

Stephen Badsey, Modern Military Operations and the Media, Camberley, Surrey: Strategic and Combat Studies Institute, 1994

Martin Shaw, 'Media and Public Opinion in International Relations' in Briggite Nacos and Robert Shapiro, eds, Decision-Making in a Glass House: Media, Public Opinion and American and European Foreign Policy, Boulder: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000

 

2          How should we understand the roles of mass media in the practice and exposure of genocidal war?

 

Core

Mel McNulty, 'Media Ethnicization and the International Response to War and Genocide in Rwanda', in Tim Allen and Jean Seaton, eds., The Media of Conflict: War Reporting and Representations of Ethnic Violence, London: Zed 1999, 268-86

Martin Shaw, Civil Society and Media in Global Crises: Representing Distant Violence, London: Pinter 1996, Part III, From managed media to active representation: the Gulf War and the Kurdish refugee crisis, Chapter 7

 

Background

Article 19, Broadcasting genocide: censorship, propaganda and state-sponsored violence in Rwanda 1990-1994, London: Article 19,1996

Mark Thompson, Forging War: The Media in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia-Hercegovina. London: Article 19, 1994

James Gow, Richard Paterson and Alison Preston, eds, Bosnia by television, London: BFI 1996

Michael Ignatieff, 'Is Nothing Sacred? The Ethics of Television', in The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience, London: Chatto and Windus 1998, 9-33

Peter Viggo Jakobsen, ‘National Interest, Humanitarianism or CNN: What triggers UN peace enforcement after the Cold War?’, Journal of Peace Research, 33, 1996, 205-15

Brigitte L. Nacos, Terrorism and the media: from the Iran hostage crisis to the World Trade Center bombing. New York: Columbia U.P., 1994

Jim Lederman, Battle lines: the American media and the Intifada. Boulder: Westview, 1993

Akiba A. Cohen and Gadi Wolfsfeld, eds., Framing the Intifada: people and media. Norwood  N.J.: Ablex,1993

 

6

Killing spaces: 'dead cities' and 'cities of death'

 

Friday 14th November, 09.00-1050 (Group 1) & 11.00-1250 (Group 2) in Prefab 1

 

Text: War and Genocide, 128-44

 

1          Consider the transformations of urban spaces and the role of urbanism in modern war and genocide.

 

Core

Eric Markusen and David Kopf, The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing: Genocide and Total War in the Twentieth Century, Boulder: Westview 1995

Martin Coward, 'Urbicide in Bosnia' and Martin Shaw, 'New wars of the city: ''urbicide'' and ''genocide''', in Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin, eds, Cities, War and Terrorism, Oxford: Blackwell 2003 (forthcoming: see online versions)

Ben Kiernan, The Pol Pot Regime, London: Yale UP, 1996, 'Cleansing the Cities', 31-64

 

Background

Mike Davis, Dead Cities: A Natural History. New York: The New Press 2002

J. M. Winter and Jean Louis Robert, Capital cities at war: Paris, London, Berlin, 1914-1919, Cambridge: Cambridge UP 1997

C. Duffy, Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World, London: Routledge

 

2          Discuss the new social spaces created in war and genocide: can they be considered new forms of social order?

 

Core

Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp. Princeton: Princeton UP 1997

Tzvetan Todorov, Facing the extreme: moral life in the concentration camps, New York: Henry Holt 1996

Ben Kiernan, The Pol Pot Regime, London: Yale UP, 1996, 'An Indentured Agrarian State', 159-250

 

Background

SB Spies, Methods of Barbarism, Cape Town: Human and Rousseau, 1972

Edwin Bacon, The Gulag at war: Stalin's forced labour system in the light of the archives, Basingstoke: Macmillan,1994

Galina Mikhailovna Ivanova, Labor camp socialism: the Gulag in the Soviet totalitarian system, London: M.E. Sharpe, 2000

Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust, Cambridge: Polity 1991

Hermann Langbein, Against all hope: resistance in the Nazi concentration camps, 1938-1945, London: Constable 1994

Donald Bloxham, "Extermination through work": Jewish slave labour under the Third Reich, London: Holocaust Educational Trust 1999

Roger Daniels, Concentration camps - North America: Japanese in the United States and Canada during World War 2, Malabar: Krieger, 1981

SS Graber, Caravans to Oblivion: The Armenian Genocide, 1915, New York: Wiley, 1996

EP Thompson, ‘Notes on Exterminism, the Last Stage of Civilization’, in New Left Review, ed., Exterminism and Cold War, London: Verso 1982

 

 


7

Combatants, participants, perpetrators

 

Text: War and Genocide, Chapter 7, 147-65

 

1          Discuss the role of the 'battle community' in war, and in the generation of totalitarianism and genocide.

 

Core

Tony Ashworth, The Live and Let Live System, London: Macmillan 1981 (or ‘Sociology of Trench Warfare’, British Journal of Sociology, 1968)

Omer Bartov, Mirrors of destruction: war, genocide, and modern identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000

Benito Mussolini, 'Trenchocracy', in L. Freedman, ed. War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, 28-29

 

Background

Omer Bartov, Hitler's army: soldiers, Nazis, and war in the Third Reich, New York: Oxford UP 1991 and The Eastern Front, 1941-45: German troops and the barbarisation of warfare, Basingstoke: Macmillan 1985

Hamburg Institute for Social Research, ed. The German Army and Genocide: Crimes Against War Prisoners, Jews and Other Civilians in the East, 1939-1944. New York: New Press 1999

Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, New York: Basic Books, 1984, Ch. 4

John Hockey, Squaddies: Portrait of a Sub-Culture, Exeter: Exeter UP 1986

Charles Moskos, The American Enlisted Man, London: Sage 1970

Gloden Dallas, The Unknown Army: Mutinies in the British Army in the World War I, Verso 1985

Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars, Cambridge: Polity 1999

 

2          Why do people kill in genocides?

 

Core

D J Goldhagen, Hitler's willing executioners: ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, New York: Little, Brown 1996

Christopher R Browning, Ordinary Men, New York: Harper 1992

Michael Mann, 'Were the perpetrators of ethnic cleansing "ordinary men" or "real Nazis"? Results from 1500 biographies', Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 14, 3, Winter 2000, 331-366

 

Background

M D Ryan, ed., Human responses to the Holocaust: perpetrators and victims, bystanders and resisters, New York: Edwin Mellen 1981

Mark J. Osiel, Obeying Orders: Atrocity, Military Discipline and the Law of War, Brunswick NJ: Transaction 1999, especially 'Why do men fight?', 201-222

FH Littell, ed., Hyping the Holocaust: scholars answer Goldhagen. New York: Cummings & Hathaway 1997

 

 

8

Victims

 

Text: War and Genocide, Chapter 8, pp 168-90

 

1          How is victimisation gendered in war and genocide?

 

Core

Cynthia Cockburn, 'The gendered dynamics of armed conflict and political violence', and Caroline Moser, 'The gendered continuum of violence and conflict', in Moser and Fiona C. Clark, eds, Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? London: Zed 2001

Inger Skjelsbaek, 'Sexual Violence and War: Mapping out a Complex Relationship', European Journal of International Relations, 7, 2, 2001

Adam Jones, 'Gender and Ethnic Conflict in ex-Yugoslavia', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 17: 1 (1994), pp. 115-34

 

Background

Seifert, R. 'War and Rape' in A Stiglmayer, ed., Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina, U of Nebraska P 1994

Jan Willem Honig and Norbert Both, Srebrenica: Record of a War Crime, Penguin 1996

Joanna Bourke, An intimate history of killing: face-to-face killing in twentieth-century warfare, London: Granta, 1999

C. Twagiramariya and M. Turshen, '"Favours" to give and "consenting" victims: the sexual politics of survival in Rwanda', in Twagiramariya and Turshen, eds., What Women Do in Wartime, London: Zed 1998

Cynthia Enloe, Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women’s Lives, Pluto 1983

Sharon Macdonald et al., Images of Women in Peace and War: Cross-cultural and historical perspectives, London: Macmillan 1987

Joshua S. Goldstein, War and Gender, Cambridge: Cambridge UP 2001

Jean Bethke Elshtain, Women and War, Brighton: Harvester 1987

Gail Braybon and Penny Summerfield, Out of the Cage: Women's experiences in two world wars, London: Pandora 1987

Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland, London: Methuen 1988

Sara Ruddick, ‘Preserving Love and Military Destruction’ in J Trebilot, ed., Mothering, Boulder: Rowman & Allanfield 1984

Meredith Turshen, 'The Political Economy of Rape' in Moser and Clark, eds., Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? London: Zed 2001

Human Rights Watch Kosovo: Rape as a Weapon of Ethnic Cleansing

Amnesty International, Bosnia-Herzegovina: Rape and Sexual Abuse by Armed Forces, London: Amnesty 1993

Ronit Lentin, ed., Gender and Catastrophe, London: Zed 1997

Sections on 'sexual violence' in Roy Guttman and David Rieff, eds, Crimes of War, London: Norton 1999

Rayika Omaar and Alex de Waal, Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance, London: Africa Rights 1994

Lori Buck, Nicole Gallant and Kim Richard Nossal, 'Sanctions as a gendered instrument of statecraft: the case of Iraq', Review of International Studies, 24, 1, 1998, 69-84

 

2          Discuss the variety of ways in which victims' experience of war and genocide is denied, and its relationship to different forms of political appropriation of their experiences.

 

Core

Stanley Cohen, States of Denial. Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering. Cambridge: Polity, 2001 (Chapter 1, The elementary forms of denial is online)

Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust: the growing assault on truth and memory, Harmondsworth: London: Penguin 1996

David Campbell, 'Atrocity, memory, photography: imaging the concentration camps of Bosnia - the case of ITN versus Living Marxism', Journal of Human Rights, Part I, 1, 1, 2002, and Part II, 1, 2, 2002, 143-72

 

Background

Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman, Denying history: who says the Holocaust never happened and why do they say it? Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000

Robert Jay Lifton and Greg Mitchell, Hiroshima in America: fifty years of denial New York: Putnam, 1995

Gill Seidel, The Holocaust denial: antisemitism, racism and the new right, Manchester: Beyond the Pale Collective, 1986

Richard J. Evans, Telling lies about Hitler: the Holocaust, history and the David Irving trial London: Verso, 2002

Norman Finkelstein, The Holocaust Industry, London: Verso 2000

Buruma, I. The wages of guilt: memories of war in Germany and Japan, London: Cape

P. Hayes, P. Lessons and legacies: memory, memorialization, and denial. Evanston: Northwestern UP 1999

M. Berenbaum, The world must know: the history of the Holocaust as told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Boston: Little, Brown 1993.

Imperial War Museum Holocaust Exhibition. London: IWM 2000

Katz, S. T. Historicism, the Holocaust and Zionism: critical studies in modern Jewish thought and history. New York UP 1992

Y. Loshitzky, Spielberg's Holocaust: critical perspectives on "Schindler's list". Bloomington: Indiana UP 1997

M.A. Milburn and S.D. Conrad The politics of denial, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press 1996

P. Novick, P. The Holocaust in American Life. New York: Houghton Mifflin 1999

J.E. Young, Writing and rewriting the Holocaust: narrative and the consequences of interpretation. Bloomington: Indiana UP 1988

Israel W. Charney, 'The Psychological Satisfaction of Denials of the Holocaust or Other Genocides by Non-Extremists or Bigots, and Even by Known Scholars', Idea, 6, 1, 2001

Martin Shaw, The uses of media studies, review of Philip Hammond and Edward S. Herman, eds, Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis, London: Pluto, 2000

 

9

Movements

 

Text: War and Genocide, Chapter 9, 194-210

 

1          Is civil resistance or armed struggle the more effective answer to oppression or genocide? Consider the case of Kosovo.

 

Core

Howard Clark, H. Civil Resistance in Kosovo. London: Pluto 2000

Tim Judah, Kosovo: War and Revenge. New Haven: Yale University Press 2000

International Independent Commission on Kosovo (2000) The Kosovo Report: Conflict, International Response, Lessons Learned. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Ken Booth, K., ed. The Kosovo Tragedy: The Human Rights Dimensions. London: Frank Cass 2001

 

Background

Marc Weller, The Crisis in Kosovo, 1989-1999. Cambridge: Documents and Analysis Publishing 1999

Institute for War and Peace Reporting, Balkan Crisis Report, ongoing, www.iwpr.net

Kees van der Pijl, 'From Gorbachev to Kosovo: Atlantic rivalries and the re-introduction of Eastern Europe' Review of international political economy, 8, 2, 2001 (reserve) and reply by Shaw, 'Political economy and political reaction', online 2002

Alex J. Bellamy, Kosovo and international society, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002

Adam Roberts, 'NATO's "humanitarian war" over Kosovo', Survival, 41, 3, 1999 (reserve)

Noam Chomsky, The new military humanism: lessons from Kosovo. London: Pluto 1999

International Crisis Group, What happened to the KLA? Brussels: International Crisis Group 2000; and Return to Uncertainty: Kosovo’s Internally Displaced and The Return Process online 2002

 


2          What are the strengths and limitations of peace movements? How are these conditioned by international contexts, modes of mobilisation and ideologies?

 

Core

Richard Taylor, Against the Bomb: The British Peace Movement, 1958-1965. Oxford: Clarendon 1988

Martin Shaw, 'Civil Society and Global Politics: Beyond a Social Movements Approach', Millenium: Journal of International Studies, 23, 3, Winter, 647-68 and Civil Society and Media in Global Crises, London: Pinter 1996, especially Chapter 5, 60-70

Mary Kaldor, ed. Europe from Below: an East-West Dialogue. London: Verso 1990

 

Background

James Hinton, Protests and Visions: Peace Politics in Twentieth-Century Britain. London: Hutchinson Radius 1989

Richard Taylor and Nigel Young, eds. Campaigns for Peace: British Peace Movements in the Twentieth Century. Manchester University Press 1987 (includes Martin Shaw, 'Marxism, War and Peace in Britain, 1895-1945', 49-72)

Walter Kaltefleiter and R. L. Pfaltzgraff, The Peace Movements in Europe and the United States. London: Croom Helm 1985

Thomas Rochon, Mobilizing for Peace: The Antinuclear Movements in Western Europe. London: Adamantine Press 1988

C. DeBenedetti, An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press 1990

Melvin Small, Covering dissent: the media and the anti-Vietnam War movement, New Brunswick: Rutgers UP 1994

A. Garfinkle, Telltale Hearts: The Origins and Impact of the Vietnam Antiwar Movement. Basingstoke: Macmillan 1995

K.J Heineman, Campus Wars: The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era. New York: New York University Press 1993

C. Joppke, East German Dissidents and the Revolution of 1989. Basingstoke: Macmillan 1995

Karl Liebknecht, Militarism and Anti-Militarism. London: Writers and Readers 1972

Sybil Oldfield, Women Against the Iron Fist: Alternatives to Militarism, 1900-1989. Oxford: Blackwell 1989

Charles Moskos and J.W. Chambers, The New Conscientious Objection. New York: Oxford University Press 1993

R.W. Goossen, Women Against the Good War: Conscientious Objection and Gender on the American Home Front, 1941-1947. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1997

M. Useem, Conscription, Protest, and Social Conflict: The Life and Death of a Draft Resistance Movement. New York: Wiley 1973

Martin Shaw, Ten Challenges to Anti-War Politics, Radical Philosophy 111 (Jan/Feb 2002), 11-19; 'The coming choice for protestors' (Iraq), March 2003

 

 

10

Peace and justice?

 

Text: War and Genocide, Chapter 10, 214-37

 

1          How far do laws of war, justice and human rights offer answers to the problems of war and genocide?

 

Core

Roy Guttman and David Rieff, eds, Crimes of War. New York: Norton 1999

Martha Minow, Between vengeance and forgiveness: facing history after genocide and mass violence. Boston: Beacon 1998

David Hirsh, Law against Genocide: Cosmopolitan Trials, London: Cavendish 2003

William Schabas, Genocide in International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge UP 2000

 

Background

Timothy Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler, eds, Human Rights in Global Politics. Cambridge: CUP 1999

Michael Howard, G.J. Andreopoulos and M.R. Shulman, eds, The laws of war: constraints on warfare in the Western world. New Haven: Yale UP 1994

Geoffrey Best, War and law since 1945. Oxford: Clarendon 1998

Donald Bloxham, Genocide on Trial: war crimes trials and the formation of Holocaust history and memory, Oxford: Oxford UP 2001

Y. Beigbeder, Judging war criminals : the politics of international justice. Basingstoke: Macmillan 1998

Philip Hammond and Edward Herman, eds. Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis, London: Pluto, 2000 (chapter on war crimes tribunal)

Geoffrey Hawthorn, 'Pinochet: the politics', International Affairs, 75 (2), 199, 253-58

Institute of War and Peace Reporting, Tribunal Update

International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia

P.J. Magnarella, Justice in Africa: Rwanda's genocide, its courts, and the UN criminal tribunal. Aldershot: Ashgate 2000 (1999) Judicial responses to genocide:the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Rwandan Genocide Court, African Studies Quarterly 1, 1; (1999)

T. Meron, War crimes law comes of age: essays. Oxford: Clarendon 1998

A. Neier, War crimes, brutality, genocide, terror and the struggle for justice, Times Books, 1998

B. Nowrojee and Ralph, Regan, 'Justice for women victims of violence: Rwanda after the 1994 genocide' in Amadiume, I. and An-Na'im, A., eds, The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice, London: Zed 2000

Adam Roberts and Richard Guelff, eds, Documents on the laws of war: 3rd ed., Oxford: OUP 1999

M.P. Scharf, Balkan justice: the story behind the first international war crimes trial since Nuremberg. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic P 1997

Hideaki Shinoda, Peace-building by international law www.theglobalsite.ac.uk 2001

 

2          Can military action be an effective or legitimate form of response to oppression or genocide? Consider both the history of 'humanitarian intervention' and the problems of non-intervention.

 

Core

Nicholas J. Wheeler, Saving Strangers, Oxford: OUP 2000 (Chapter 1 online)

Brendan Simms, Unfinest Hour: Britain and the Destruction of Bosnia, London: Allen Lane 2001

Linda Melvern, A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide. London: Zed 2001

 

Background

Michael Barnett, Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2002

Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, Cambridge: Polity 1999 (and see Cosmopolitanism and organized violence, the global site 2000)

Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse, Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict, Cambridge: Polity, 1996

James Mayall, ed., The New Interventionism 1991-94: United Nations Experience in Cambodia, former Yugoslavia and Somalia, Cambridge: CUP, 1996

David Rieff, Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West, Harmondsworth: Penguin 1995

Ed Vulliamy, ‘Bosnia: the crime of appeasement’, International Affairs, 74, 1, 1998, 73-92

James Gow, Triumph of the Lack of Will, London 1997

Jane Sharp, Bankrupt in the Balkans: British Policy in Bosnia, London: IPPR 1993

T Cushman & SG Mestrovic, eds, This Time We Knew: Western Responses to Genocide in Bosnia, New York: New York UP 1996

James Petras and Steve Vieux, 'Bosnia and the revival of US hegemony', New Left Review 218, 1996, 3-25

David Chandler, Bosnia: Faking Democracy after Dayton, London: Pluto 1999

International Independent Commission on Kosovo The Kosovo Report: Conflict, International Response, Lessons Learned. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000

Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton: Princeton University Press 2000