University
of Sussex
BA
International Relations
Final
Year option, Autumn 2003
|
War and Genocide Seminars:
9-10.50 (Group 1) and 11-12.50 (Group 2), Tuesdays, Prefab 3 except weeks 5/6 Tutor:
Professor Martin Shaw Office
hours Mondays, 2-2.50 and Tuesdays, 1-1.50, E504 01273
678032 m.shaw@sussex.ac.uk Secretary:
Shirley Stay, E407, 678892 s.a.stay@sussex.ac.uk |
Course summary
1 Tuesday 7 October War
2 Tuesday 14 October Genocide
3 Tuesday 21 October War and the state
4 Tuesday 28 October Capitalism,
industrialism and modernity
Tuesday
4 November no
seminars (reading week)
5 Tuesday 11 November Ideology and media /course essay due
6 Friday 14 November (Prefab 1) Killing
spaces
7 Tuesday 18 November Combatants, participants,
perpetrators
8 Tuesday 25 November Victims
/ term paper outlines due
9 Tuesday 2 December Movements
10 Tuesday
9 December Peace and justice?
If
you are working with a hard copy of this list, online references will be
underlined. To access these, you will need to use the online version at www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/hafa3/lists/warandgenocide.htm
For
library references (essential readings only), go to
Aims and objectives
War has been understood in IR as a function of conflicts
between states and a question of foreign and defence policy. This course aims,
in contrast, to ask what it means to understand war as a social activity, in
the context of other kinds of social relations. The course examines war as a
social process centred on killing, and explores the extension of this process
into genocide, where civilian social groups are the enemy. The course aims to
confront these issues both theoretically, through military and social theory,
and empirically, through historical and contemporary case studies. The course
considers the general characteristics of modern war and genocide, but also
explores the transformations of war and genocide in the 21st Century.
Course information
Seminars
There will be a weekly seminar of 1 hour 50 minutes
for each group. Each seminar session will be broken into two parts,
concerned with each of the week's questions in turn. One member of the seminar
will produce a make a short presentation to introduce the discussion of each
question, so that there will be 2 presentations per week.
Reading list
Text
My new book, War and Genocide: Organised Killing
in Modern Society (Polity, 2003) is a general textbook for this course, and
the weeks' sessions follow this book, although not in a mechanical fashion. You
should read a chapter each week. Note, in particular, that you will be expected
to have read Chapter 1 before the first seminar in week 1.
The book should be seen as a starting-point for
research and discussion, not the last word! Indeed it is particularly important
that you use your reading, where appropriate, to challenge as well as extend
the arguments of the text. I expect the course to reveal issues/deficiencies in
the book, so please don't hesitate to make constructive criticisms either in
seminars or in one-to-one discussion.
Core
These are essential readings that presenters must
read and other members should normally read before the seminars.
Background
Presenters should look at some of these readings each
week. Otherwise you should read these mainly for essays and term papers. Some
background lists are longer than others; this is partly because relevant items
have already been listed. In case of any items being unavailable in the
Library, look for substitutes or consult me - in extremis I may be able
to lend you the relevant book or article.
Internet materials are indicated in the hardcopy by
underlinings, and you will find them by going to the links in the online
version. Please email me with details of any Internet materials that you find
useful. I am editor of www.theglobalsite.ac.uk and
my personal website is at www.martinshaw.org. Many materials
relevant to this course will be found on these sites, especially in the global
library database, www.theglobalsite.ac.uk/global-library.
Assessment
This course is assessed by a 4000 word term paper,
submitted in May. Your term paper should be on a question or topic of your own
devising, relating to the themes and arguments of the course. The subject
should be clearly different from that of your course essay, and from assessed
work for other courses. Consult me if in doubt about overlaps.
The University lays down that there is no supervision
for term papers, but you may consult me, even after the course has ended,
either in my office hours or by email.
Coursework
There will be one course essay of approximately
2000 words to be handed in at the seminar in week 6. You may write on
any of the topics in the courses, using the seminar questions as a guide, or
you may produce your own topics relevant to the themes of the course. If in
doubt, consult.
The second item of coursework will be an outline
of your term paper, to be submitted at the seminar in week 8 and
given back with comments in week 10. This should include, on two sides of A4:
·
this may or may not be based on one of the seminar
questions or topics;
·
a summary of your proposed argument;
·
a short bibliography (5-10 items).
Feedback
I am keen to hear your evaluations of this course and
my teaching. Please raise difficulties as they arise. Course evaluation forms
will be distributed in week 9.
References
I am always willing, like all faculty, to write
references (as many as needed) for every student on my courses. The first time
you need a reference, send me by email
Please leave any forms or envelopes to be used, in
the folder on the door of my office.
You may use my name in
future, after completion of your degree, but keep me updated on your progress.
Programme
Week 1
War and killing
At the seminar meeting in the first week we will get
to know each other and plan our meetings for the rest of the term. However this
session will also be a substantive beginning to the course, although without
presentations. You are expected to have read at least the two 'text'
sections below.
Text:
War and Genocide, Introduction and
Chapter 1, 1-31, and 'The new Western way of war', 238-40
1 What is war, and what is the role of killing
in it?
Core
reading
Michael Howard, Clausewitz,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981
John Keegan, The Face of Battle, London: Cape
1976
Background reading
Joanna Bourke, An intimate history of killing:
face-to-face killing in twentieth-century warfare, London: Granta, 1999
Karl von Clausewitz, On War (ed. Peter Paret
& Michael Howard), Princeton: Princeton UP 1976
WB Gallie, Philosophers
of War and Peace (chapter on Clausewitz), Oxford: Oxford UP 1978
Colin Gray, Modern Strategy, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1998
Raymond Aron, Clausewitz:
Philosopher of War, London: RKP 1983
Peter Paret, Clausewitz
and the State, Oxford: Clarendon Press 1976
Edward Mead Earle, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy,
Princeton: Princeton UP 1971
Michael Howard, The Causes of Wars, London:
Allen & Unwin 1985, 1-115
Mary Kaldor, The Baroque Arsenal, London:
Deutsch 1982
Martin Shaw, Dialectics of War,
London: Pluto 1988, Chapter 1 Critique of Sociology and Military Theory
Martin Shaw, Post-Military Society, Cambridge:
Polity 1991, Chapter 1
Martin Shaw, 'Strategy and slaughter'
(review of Gray) and Gray's reply, 'In praise of strategy', Review of
International Studies, 29, 2, 2003, 269-78 and 285-96
Kenneth Waltz, Man, the State and War, New
York: Columbia 1959
Kalevi J Holsti, Peace and War: Armed Conflicts
and International Order 1648-1989, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, Chapter 1, 1-24
Daniel S Geller and J David Singer, eds., Nations
at War: A Scientific Study of International Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge
UP 1998
Leon Bramson and George W Goethals, eds, War:
Studies from Psychology, Sociology and Anthropology, New York: Basic Books
1978 (chs by Malinowski, Mead, Spencer)
Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression, London: Methuen
1966
Anthony Storr, Human destructiveness: the roots of
genocide and human cruelty, London: Routledge 1991
2 What was the role of killing in the US/UK war
in Iraq in 2003, and how far did this war bear out the idea of 'risk-transfer
war and militarism'?
Core
Martin Shaw, 'Risk-transfer
militarism, small massacres and the historic legitimacy of war', International Relations, 16 (3), 343-60, December 2002
Aldo A. Benini and Lawrence H. Moulton, 'The
Distribution of Civilian Victims in An Asymmetrical Conflict: Operation Enduring
Freedom, Afghanistan' (unpublished paper, 2003, to be made available by MS)
www.iraqbodycount.net/bodycount.htm
and
other sources on the Iraq war (up to date list will be provided in October)
Background
Carl Conetta, Strange
Victory: A critical appraisal of Operation Enduring Freedom and the Afghanistan
war. Project on Defense Alternatives Research Monograph #6, 30 January
2002. Cambridge, MA:,
Commonwealth Institute, 2002
Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War,
Macmillan 1991
Edward Luttwak, 'Towards post-heroic warfare', Foreign
Affairs 74(3), 1995, 109-22
Lawrence Freedman, 'The changing forms of military
conflict', Survival 40 (4) 1998-99, 39-56
Craig A Snyder, ed., Contemporary Security and
Strategy, London: Macmillan 1999
Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars, Cambridge:
Polity 1999
Michael
Ignatieff, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond, London:
Chatto and Windus 2000
2
Genocide
Text:
War and Genocide, Chapter 1, 34-53;
and Episode III, 78-81
1 What is genocide and how is it related to war?
Core
G.
J. Andreopoulos, ed., Genocide:
Conceptual and Historical Dimensions. Pittsburgh: University of
Pennsylvania Press 1994
James
J Reid, 'Total war, the annihilation ethic, and the Armenian genocide,
1870-1918' in R G Hovannisian, ed., The Armenian genocide: history,
politics, ethics, Basingstoke: Macmillan 1992 (see also other chapters)
Eric
Markusen and David Kopf, The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing: Genocide and
Total War in the Twentieth Century, Boulder: Westview 1995
Background
Raphael
Lemkin, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, New York: Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace 1944
Leo
Kuper, Genocide, Harmondsworth: Penguin 1981
Frank
Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide:
Analyses and Case Studies. New Haven: Yale University Press 1991
Helen Fein, Genocide:
A Sociological Perspective. London: Sage 1993
Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in A. Roberts and R. Guelff, Documents on the Laws of War. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000
Howard Adelman and Astri Suhrke, eds, The path of
a genocide: The Rwanda crisis from Uganda to Zaire. New Brunswick, N.J.;
Transaction Publishers 2000
2 What was the significance of the war
context to the Nazis' genocide of the Jews?
Core
Christopher
Browning, The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1992, esp. Chapter 1
Eric
Markusen and David Kopf, The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing: Genocide and
Total War in the Twentieth Century, Boulder: Westview 1995
Background
Lucy Davidowicz The
War Against the Jews, London: Penguin 1985
Sarah Gordon, Hitler,
Germans and the ‘Jewish Question’, Princeton: Princeton University Press
1985
D J Goldhagen, Hitler's
Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Little,
Brown 1996
Raul Hilberg, The destruction of the European Jews.
New York: Holmes, 1985
Hamburg Institute for Social Research, ed. The German Army and Genocide: Crimes Against
War Prisoners, Jews and Other Civilians in the East, 1939-1944. New York:
New Press 1999
Deborah Lipstadt, Denying
the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Harmondsworth:
Penguin 1996
Arno Mayer, Why
Did the Heavens not Darken? The Final Solution in History. London: Verso
1989
3
War and the state
Text:
War and Genocide, Chapter 1, pp
34-53
1 In what ways is war connected to the state?
Core
Anthony
Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence, Cambridge: Polity 1985, Chapter
9
Michael
Mann, The Sources of Social Power, Volume 2, Cambridge: Cambridge UP
1993, Chapter 1
Background
Christopher
Dandeker, Surveillance, Power and Modernity, Cambridge: Polity 1990,
Chapter 4, ‘Military Power, Capitalism and Surveillance’, 66-109
Charles
Tilly, 'War making and state making as organized crime', in Peter B. Evans,
Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In,
Cambridge: Cambridge UP 1985, 169-85
Victor
Kiernan, ‘Conscription and Society in Europe before the War of 1914’, in M R D
Foot, ed., War and Society, London: Elek 1973
Kalevi
J Holsti, The State, War and the State of War, Cambridge: Cambridge UP
1996, Chapters 1 and 2, 1-40
Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, eds. Democracy, Liberalism and War: Rethinking
the Democratic Peace Debate. Boulder: Lynne Rienner 2001
Michael
Mann, States, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Blackwell 1988, Chapter 3,
'State and Society, 1130-1815'
Michael
Howard, War and the Nation-State, Daedalus, 108:4, 1979, 101-110
2 What are the relationships between
states and non-state actors in genocides (including 'ethnic cleansing')?
Core
Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy:
Explaining Ethnic Cleansing, forthcoming 2004 ('The argument'
and 'The colonial darkside
of democracy' online)
Raul Hilberg, Perpetrators, victims, bystanders:
the Jewish catastrophe 1933-1945. London: Lime Tree, 1993
Jan Gross, Neighbors: the destruction of the
Jewish community in Jedwabne, Poland, Princeton: Princeton University Press
2001
Background
Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler: Consent and
Coercion in Nazi Germany, Oxford: Oxford UP 2002
D J Goldhagen, Hitler's willing executioners:
ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, New York: Little, Brown 1996
Christopher R Browning, Ordinary Men, New
York: Harper 1992
Michael Mann, 'Were the
perpetrators of ethnic cleansing "ordinary men" or "real
Nazis"? Results from 1500 biographies', Holocaust and Genocide
Studies, 14, 3, Winter 2000, 331-366
J. Knowlton and T. Cates, eds, Forever in the
Shadow of Hitler, New Jersey 1993 (articles by Nolte, Habermas)
R J Evans, In Hitler's Shadow: West German
Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past, London 1989
Michael Robert Marrus, ed., The Nazi Holocaust.
Volume 8, Bystanders to the Holocaust Westport: Meckler,1989
Radika Omaar, R. and de Waal, A. Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance. London: Africa Rights 1994
Linda Melvern, A
People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide. London: Zed
2000
Mahmood Mamdani, When
Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism and the Genocide in Rwanda.
Princeton: Princeton University Press 2001
Alison DesForges, Leave None to Tell the Story: the
Genocide in Rwanda, New York: Human Rights Watch 1999
4
Capitalism, industrialism and modernity
Text:
War and Genocide, Chapter 4, pp
82-97
1 Is capitalism
is inherently either peaceful or militaristic? How did the 'industrialisation
of warfare' produce the basis of modern militarism?
Core
Michael Mann, ‘Capitalism
and Militarism’ in Martin Shaw, ed., War, State and Society, London: Macmillan
1984 and in Mann, States, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Blackwell 1988
William H MacNeill, The Pursuit of Power,
Oxford: Blackwell 1982
Jacques van Doorn, The Soldier and Social Change,
London: Sage 1973, Ch. 1, ‘The Genesis of Military and Industrial
Organisation’, 5-28
Mary Kaldor, ‘Warfare and Capitalism’, in EP Thompson
et al, Exterminism and Cold War, London: Verso 1982
Background
Maurice Pearton, The Knowledgeable State,
London: Burnett Books 1982
John MacKenzie, Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation
of British Public Opinion 1880-1960, Manchester: Manchester UP 1984
Bernard Semmel, Marxism
and the Science of War, Oxford: Oxford UP 1981, esp 3-5, 66-71
Raymond Aron, War and
Industrial Society, Oxford: Oxford UP 1958 and ‘War and Industrial Society:
A Reappraisal’, Millennium, Vol. 7, 1978-9
EH Carr, ‘The Marxist
Attitude to War’ (Note E), in The Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1923,
Harmondsworth: Penguin 1966
WB Gallie, Philosophers
of War and Peace, Oxford UP 1978, Chapter on Marx/Engels
Nikolai Bukharin, Imperialism
and World Economy, London: Merlin 1972
Karl Liebknecht, Militarism
and Anti-Militarism, London: Writers/Readers 1972
Mary Kaldor, The Baroque Arsenal, London:
Deutsch 1982, especially Chapter 1, 'The Weapons System', 7-20
Martin Shaw, Dialectics
of War, London: Pluto 1988; ‘War, imperialism and the state-system: a
critique of orthodox marxism for the 1980s’, in Shaw, ed., War, State and
Society, London: Macmillan 1984; Post-Military Society, Cambridge:
Polity 1991, Chapter 1
2 What is the significance of modernity
for genocide? Are genocidal 'ethnic wars' senseless, irrational and pre-modern?
Core
Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust,
Cambridge: Polity 1991
Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence
in a Global Era, Cambridge: Polity 1999
David Keen,
'War: what is it good for?', Contemporary Politics, 2, 1, Spring 1996
and in T. Allen, K. Hudson and J. Seaton, eds. War, Ethnicity and the Media,
London: Zed 1999, or 'A Rational Kind of Madness', Oxford Development Studies,
25, 1, 1997
Background
Hans Joas, War and Modernity, Cambridge:
Polity 2003, chapter on Bauman
Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy:
Explaining Ethnic Cleansing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
forthcoming 2004 (Chapter 1, 'The argument'
online)
Mats Berdal
and David Keen, 'Violence and Economic Agendas in Civil Wars: Considerations
for Policymakers', Millennium, 26, 3, 1997
Stathis Kalyvas, 'New and old civil wars: a valid
distinction?', World Politics, 54:1, 2001, 99-118
Paul Richards, Fighting
for the Rainforest: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra
Leone, London: James Currey, 1996
Radika Omaar and Alex de Waal, Rwanda: Death,
Despair and Defiance, London: Africa Rights, 1994
Mark Duffield, Global governance and the new wars:
the merging of development and security. London: Zed 2001
5
Ideology and media
NO SEMINARS on 4th November; these will take place on
11th November
Text:
War and Genocide, Chapter 5, 100-25
1 How far are media means of propaganda and
war mobilisation in Western democracies?
Core
Philip M Taylor, War and the Media: Propaganda and
Persuasion in the Gulf War, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992
Martin Shaw, Civil Society and Media in Global
Crises: Representing Distant Violence, London: Pinter 1996, Part III, From managed media to active representation: the Gulf War and the Kurdish refugee crisis,
Chapters 6 and 8
Background
Philip Hammond and Edward S. Herman, eds, Degraded
Capability: The Media and the Kosovo Crisis, London: Pluto, 2000 (also
review by Shaw, The uses of
media studies)
W Lance Bennett and David L Paletz, eds, Taken by
Storm, London: University of Chicago Press, 1994
Jean Baudrillard, The Gulf War did not take place,
Sydney 1995
Christopher Norris, Uncritical Theory:
Post-modernism, Intellectuals and the Gulf War, London: Lawrence and
Wishart, 1992
Edward S Herman, 'The Media's Role in US Foreign
Policy', Journal of International Affairs, 47, 1, 1993
Noam Chomsky and B. Dajenais, Manufacturing
Consent, New York: Pantheon, 1988
Derrick Mercer et al., The Fog of War: The Media
on the Battlefield, London: Heinemann 1987
Stephen Badsey, Modern Military Operations and the
Media, Camberley, Surrey: Strategic and Combat Studies Institute, 1994
Martin Shaw, 'Media and Public Opinion in
International Relations' in Briggite Nacos and Robert Shapiro, eds, Decision-Making
in a Glass House: Media, Public Opinion and American and European Foreign
Policy, Boulder: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000
2 How should we understand the roles of
mass media in the practice and exposure of genocidal war?
Core
Mel McNulty, 'Media Ethnicization and the
International Response to War and Genocide in Rwanda', in Tim Allen and Jean
Seaton, eds., The Media of Conflict: War Reporting and Representations of
Ethnic Violence, London: Zed 1999, 268-86
Martin Shaw, Civil Society and Media in Global
Crises: Representing Distant Violence, London: Pinter 1996, Part III, From managed media to active representation: the Gulf War and the Kurdish refugee crisis,
Chapter 7
Background
Article 19, Broadcasting genocide: censorship,
propaganda and state-sponsored violence in Rwanda 1990-1994, London:
Article 19,1996
Mark Thompson, Forging War: The Media in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia-Hercegovina.
London: Article 19, 1994
James Gow, Richard Paterson and Alison Preston, eds, Bosnia
by television, London: BFI 1996
Michael Ignatieff, 'Is Nothing Sacred? The Ethics of
Television', in The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience,
London: Chatto and Windus 1998, 9-33
Peter Viggo Jakobsen, ‘National Interest,
Humanitarianism or CNN: What triggers UN peace enforcement after the Cold
War?’, Journal of Peace Research, 33, 1996, 205-15
Brigitte L. Nacos, Terrorism and the media: from
the Iran hostage crisis to the World Trade Center bombing. New York:
Columbia U.P., 1994
Jim Lederman, Battle lines: the American media and
the Intifada. Boulder: Westview, 1993
Akiba A. Cohen and Gadi Wolfsfeld, eds., Framing
the Intifada: people and media. Norwood
N.J.: Ablex,1993
6
Killing spaces: 'dead cities' and 'cities of death'
Friday 14th November, 09.00-1050 (Group 1) & 11.00-1250 (Group
2) in Prefab 1
Text: War and Genocide,
128-44
1 Consider the transformations of urban spaces
and the role of urbanism in modern war and genocide.
Core
Eric Markusen and David Kopf, The Holocaust and
Strategic Bombing: Genocide and Total War in the Twentieth Century, Boulder:
Westview 1995
Martin Coward, 'Urbicide in Bosnia'
and Martin Shaw, 'New wars of the city: ''urbicide'' and
''genocide''', in Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin, eds, Cities,
War and Terrorism, Oxford: Blackwell 2003 (forthcoming: see online
versions)
Ben Kiernan, The Pol Pot Regime, London: Yale
UP, 1996, 'Cleansing the Cities', 31-64
Background
Mike
Davis, Dead Cities: A Natural History. New York: The New Press
2002
J. M. Winter and Jean Louis Robert, Capital cities
at war: Paris, London, Berlin, 1914-1919, Cambridge: Cambridge UP 1997
C. Duffy, Siege Warfare:
The Fortress in the Early Modern World, London: Routledge
2 Discuss
the new social spaces created in war and genocide: can they be considered new
forms of social order?
Core
Wolfgang Sofsky, The
Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp. Princeton: Princeton UP 1997
Tzvetan Todorov, Facing the extreme: moral life in
the concentration camps, New York: Henry Holt 1996
Ben Kiernan, The Pol Pot Regime, London: Yale
UP, 1996, 'An Indentured Agrarian State', 159-250
Background
SB Spies, Methods of Barbarism, Cape Town:
Human and Rousseau, 1972
Edwin Bacon, The Gulag at war: Stalin's forced
labour system in the light of the archives, Basingstoke: Macmillan,1994
Galina Mikhailovna Ivanova, Labor camp socialism:
the Gulag in the Soviet totalitarian system, London: M.E. Sharpe, 2000
Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust,
Cambridge: Polity 1991
Hermann Langbein, Against all hope: resistance in
the Nazi concentration camps, 1938-1945, London: Constable 1994
Donald Bloxham, "Extermination through
work": Jewish slave labour under the Third Reich, London: Holocaust
Educational Trust 1999
Roger Daniels, Concentration camps - North
America: Japanese in the United States and Canada during World War 2,
Malabar: Krieger, 1981
SS Graber, Caravans to Oblivion: The Armenian
Genocide, 1915, New York: Wiley, 1996
EP Thompson, ‘Notes on Exterminism, the Last Stage of
Civilization’, in New Left Review, ed., Exterminism and Cold War,
London: Verso 1982
7
Combatants, participants, perpetrators
Text:
War and Genocide, Chapter 7, 147-65
1 Discuss the role of the 'battle community' in
war, and in the generation of totalitarianism and genocide.
Core
Tony Ashworth, The Live and Let Live System,
London: Macmillan 1981 (or ‘Sociology of Trench Warfare’, British Journal of
Sociology, 1968)
Omer Bartov, Mirrors of destruction: war,
genocide, and modern identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000
Benito Mussolini, 'Trenchocracy', in L. Freedman, ed.
War. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1995, 28-29
Background
Omer Bartov, Hitler's army: soldiers, Nazis, and
war in the Third Reich, New York: Oxford UP 1991 and The Eastern Front,
1941-45: German troops and the barbarisation of warfare, Basingstoke:
Macmillan 1985
Hamburg Institute for Social Research, ed. The German Army and Genocide: Crimes Against
War Prisoners, Jews and Other Civilians in the East, 1939-1944. New York:
New Press 1999
Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation,
New York: Basic Books, 1984, Ch. 4
John Hockey, Squaddies: Portrait of a Sub-Culture,
Exeter: Exeter UP 1986
Charles Moskos, The American Enlisted Man,
London: Sage 1970
Gloden Dallas, The Unknown Army: Mutinies in the
British Army in the World War I, Verso 1985
Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars, Cambridge:
Polity 1999
2 Why do people kill in genocides?
Core
D J Goldhagen, Hitler's willing executioners:
ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, New York: Little, Brown 1996
Christopher R Browning, Ordinary Men, New
York: Harper 1992
Michael Mann, 'Were the perpetrators
of ethnic cleansing "ordinary men" or "real Nazis"? Results
from 1500 biographies', Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 14, 3,
Winter 2000, 331-366
Background
M D Ryan, ed., Human responses to the Holocaust:
perpetrators and victims, bystanders and resisters, New York: Edwin Mellen
1981
Mark J. Osiel, Obeying Orders: Atrocity, Military
Discipline and the Law of War, Brunswick NJ: Transaction 1999, especially
'Why do men fight?', 201-222
FH Littell, ed., Hyping the Holocaust: scholars
answer Goldhagen. New York: Cummings & Hathaway 1997
8
Victims
Text:
War and Genocide, Chapter 8, pp
168-90
1 How is victimisation gendered in war and
genocide?
Core
Cynthia Cockburn, 'The gendered dynamics of armed
conflict and political violence', and Caroline Moser, 'The gendered continuum
of violence and conflict', in Moser and Fiona C. Clark, eds, Victims,
Perpetrators or Actors? London: Zed 2001
Inger Skjelsbaek, 'Sexual Violence and War: Mapping
out a Complex Relationship', European Journal of International Relations,
7, 2, 2001
Adam Jones, 'Gender and Ethnic Conflict in
ex-Yugoslavia', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 17: 1
(1994), pp. 115-34
Background
Seifert, R. 'War and Rape' in A Stiglmayer, ed.,
Mass Rape: The War Against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina, U of Nebraska P
1994
Jan Willem Honig and Norbert Both, Srebrenica:
Record of a War Crime, Penguin 1996
Joanna Bourke, An intimate history of killing:
face-to-face killing in twentieth-century warfare, London: Granta, 1999
C. Twagiramariya and M. Turshen, '"Favours"
to give and "consenting" victims: the sexual politics of survival in
Rwanda', in Twagiramariya and Turshen, eds., What Women Do in Wartime,
London: Zed 1998
Cynthia Enloe, Does Khaki Become You? The
Militarization of Women’s Lives, Pluto 1983
Sharon Macdonald et al., Images of Women in Peace
and War: Cross-cultural and historical perspectives, London: Macmillan 1987
Joshua S. Goldstein, War and Gender,
Cambridge: Cambridge UP 2001
Jean Bethke Elshtain, Women and War, Brighton:
Harvester 1987
Gail Braybon and Penny Summerfield, Out of the
Cage: Women's experiences in two world wars, London: Pandora 1987
Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland,
London: Methuen 1988
Sara Ruddick, ‘Preserving Love and Military
Destruction’ in J Trebilot, ed., Mothering, Boulder: Rowman &
Allanfield 1984
Meredith Turshen, 'The Political Economy of Rape' in
Moser and Clark, eds., Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? London: Zed 2001
Human Rights Watch Kosovo: Rape as a Weapon
of Ethnic Cleansing
Amnesty International, Bosnia-Herzegovina: Rape
and Sexual Abuse by Armed Forces, London: Amnesty 1993
Ronit Lentin, ed., Gender and Catastrophe, London:
Zed 1997
Sections on 'sexual violence' in Roy Guttman and
David Rieff, eds, Crimes of War, London: Norton 1999
Rayika Omaar and Alex de Waal, Rwanda: Death,
Despair and Defiance, London: Africa Rights 1994
Lori Buck, Nicole Gallant and Kim Richard Nossal,
'Sanctions as a gendered instrument of statecraft: the case of Iraq', Review
of International Studies, 24, 1, 1998, 69-84
2 Discuss the variety of ways in which
victims' experience of war and genocide is denied, and its relationship to
different forms of political appropriation of their experiences.
Core
Stanley Cohen, States of Denial. Knowing about
Atrocities and Suffering. Cambridge: Polity, 2001 (Chapter 1, The elementary forms of
denial is online)
Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust: the
growing assault on truth and memory, Harmondsworth: London: Penguin 1996
David Campbell, 'Atrocity,
memory, photography: imaging the concentration camps of Bosnia - the case of
ITN versus Living Marxism', Journal of Human Rights, Part I,
1, 1, 2002, and Part II, 1, 2, 2002, 143-72
Background
Norman
Finkelstein, The Holocaust Industry, London: Verso 2000
Buruma,
I. The wages of guilt: memories of war in Germany and Japan, London:
Cape
P.
Hayes, P. Lessons and legacies: memory, memorialization, and denial.
Evanston: Northwestern UP 1999
M.
Berenbaum, The world must know: the history of the Holocaust as told in the
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Boston: Little, Brown 1993.
Imperial
War Museum Holocaust Exhibition. London: IWM 2000
Katz,
S. T. Historicism, the Holocaust and Zionism: critical studies in modern
Jewish thought and history. New York UP 1992
Y.
Loshitzky, Spielberg's Holocaust: critical perspectives on "Schindler's
list". Bloomington: Indiana UP 1997
M.A.
Milburn and S.D. Conrad The politics of denial, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT
Press 1996
P.
Novick, P. The Holocaust in American Life. New York: Houghton Mifflin
1999
J.E.
Young, Writing and rewriting the Holocaust: narrative and the consequences
of interpretation. Bloomington: Indiana UP 1988
9
Movements
Text:
War and Genocide, Chapter 9, 194-210
1 Is civil resistance or armed struggle the more
effective answer to oppression or genocide? Consider the case of Kosovo.
Core
Howard Clark, H. Civil
Resistance in Kosovo. London: Pluto 2000
Tim Judah, Kosovo:
War and Revenge. New Haven: Yale University Press 2000
International Independent Commission on Kosovo (2000)
The Kosovo Report: Conflict,
International Response, Lessons Learned. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Ken Booth, K., ed. The Kosovo Tragedy: The Human Rights Dimensions. London: Frank Cass
2001
Background
Marc Weller, The
Crisis in Kosovo, 1989-1999. Cambridge: Documents and Analysis Publishing
1999
Institute for War and Peace Reporting, Balkan
Crisis Report, ongoing, www.iwpr.net
Kees van der Pijl, 'From Gorbachev to Kosovo: Atlantic
rivalries and the re-introduction of Eastern Europe' Review of international
political economy, 8, 2, 2001 (reserve) and reply by Shaw, 'Political
economy and political reaction', online 2002
Alex J. Bellamy, Kosovo and international society,
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002
Adam Roberts, 'NATO's "humanitarian war"
over Kosovo', Survival, 41, 3, 1999 (reserve)
Noam Chomsky, The new military humanism: lessons
from Kosovo. London: Pluto 1999
International Crisis Group, What happened to the
KLA? Brussels: International Crisis Group 2000; and Return
to Uncertainty: Kosovo’s Internally Displaced and The Return Process online
2002
2 What are the strengths and limitations
of peace movements? How are these conditioned by international contexts, modes
of mobilisation and ideologies?
Core
Richard Taylor, Against
the Bomb: The British Peace Movement, 1958-1965. Oxford: Clarendon 1988
Martin Shaw, 'Civil Society and Global Politics:
Beyond a Social Movements Approach', Millenium:
Journal of International Studies, 23, 3, Winter, 647-68 and Civil
Society and Media in Global Crises, London: Pinter 1996, especially Chapter
5, 60-70
Mary Kaldor, ed. Europe
from Below: an East-West Dialogue. London: Verso 1990
Background
James Hinton, Protests
and Visions: Peace Politics in Twentieth-Century Britain. London:
Hutchinson Radius 1989
Richard Taylor and Nigel Young, eds. Campaigns for Peace: British Peace Movements
in the Twentieth Century. Manchester University Press 1987 (includes Martin
Shaw, 'Marxism, War and Peace in Britain, 1895-1945', 49-72)
Walter Kaltefleiter and R. L. Pfaltzgraff, The Peace Movements in Europe and the United
States. London: Croom Helm 1985
Thomas Rochon, Mobilizing
for Peace: The Antinuclear Movements in Western Europe. London: Adamantine
Press 1988
C. DeBenedetti, An
American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era. Syracuse:
Syracuse University Press 1990
Melvin Small, Covering dissent: the media and the
anti-Vietnam War movement, New Brunswick: Rutgers UP 1994
A. Garfinkle, Telltale
Hearts: The Origins and Impact of the Vietnam Antiwar Movement.
Basingstoke: Macmillan 1995
K.J Heineman, Campus
Wars: The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era.
New York: New York University Press 1993
C. Joppke, East
German Dissidents and the Revolution of 1989. Basingstoke: Macmillan 1995
Karl Liebknecht, Militarism
and Anti-Militarism. London: Writers and Readers 1972
Sybil Oldfield, Women
Against the Iron Fist: Alternatives to Militarism, 1900-1989. Oxford:
Blackwell 1989
Charles Moskos and J.W. Chambers, The New Conscientious Objection. New
York: Oxford University Press 1993
R.W. Goossen, Women
Against the Good War: Conscientious Objection and Gender on the American Home
Front, 1941-1947. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1997
M. Useem, Conscription,
Protest, and Social Conflict: The Life and Death of a Draft Resistance Movement.
New York: Wiley 1973
Martin Shaw, Ten Challenges to
Anti-War Politics, Radical Philosophy 111 (Jan/Feb 2002), 11-19; 'The coming
choice for protestors' (Iraq), March 2003
10
Peace and justice?
Text:
War and Genocide, Chapter 10, 214-37
1 How far do laws of war, justice and human rights
offer answers to the problems of war and genocide?
Core
Roy
Guttman and David Rieff, eds, Crimes of War. New York: Norton 1999
Martha
Minow, Between vengeance and forgiveness: facing history after genocide and
mass violence. Boston: Beacon 1998
David Hirsh, Law against Genocide: Cosmopolitan
Trials, London: Cavendish 2003
William Schabas, Genocide in International Law,
Cambridge: Cambridge UP 2000
Background
Timothy
Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler, eds, Human Rights in Global Politics.
Cambridge: CUP 1999
Michael
Howard, G.J. Andreopoulos and M.R. Shulman, eds, The laws of war:
constraints on warfare in the Western world. New Haven: Yale UP 1994
Geoffrey
Best, War and law since 1945. Oxford: Clarendon 1998
Donald
Bloxham, Genocide on Trial: war crimes trials and the formation of Holocaust
history and memory, Oxford: Oxford UP 2001
Y.
Beigbeder, Judging war criminals : the politics of international justice.
Basingstoke: Macmillan 1998
Philip
Hammond and Edward Herman, eds. Degraded Capability: The Media and the
Kosovo Crisis, London: Pluto, 2000 (chapter on war crimes tribunal)
Geoffrey
Hawthorn, 'Pinochet: the politics', International Affairs, 75 (2), 199,
253-58
Institute
of War and Peace Reporting, Tribunal Update
International Criminal Tribunal for former
Yugoslavia
P.J.
Magnarella, Justice in Africa: Rwanda's genocide, its courts, and the UN
criminal tribunal. Aldershot: Ashgate 2000 (1999) Judicial responses to
genocide:the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Rwandan
Genocide Court, African Studies Quarterly 1, 1; (1999)
T.
Meron, War crimes law comes of age: essays. Oxford: Clarendon 1998
A.
Neier, War crimes, brutality, genocide, terror and the struggle for justice,
Times Books, 1998
B.
Nowrojee and Ralph, Regan, 'Justice for women victims of violence: Rwanda after
the 1994 genocide' in Amadiume, I. and An-Na'im, A., eds, The Politics of
Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice, London: Zed 2000
Adam
Roberts and Richard Guelff, eds, Documents on the laws of war: 3rd ed.,
Oxford: OUP 1999
M.P.
Scharf, Balkan justice: the story behind the first international war crimes
trial since Nuremberg. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic P 1997
Hideaki
Shinoda, Peace-building
by international law www.theglobalsite.ac.uk
2001
2 Can military action be an effective or
legitimate form of response to oppression or genocide? Consider both the
history of 'humanitarian intervention' and the problems of non-intervention.
Core
Nicholas
J. Wheeler, Saving Strangers, Oxford: OUP 2000 (Chapter 1
online)
Brendan
Simms, Unfinest Hour: Britain and the
Destruction of Bosnia, London: Allen Lane 2001
Linda
Melvern, A People Betrayed: The Role of
the West in Rwanda's Genocide. London: Zed 2001
Background
Michael
Barnett, Eyewitness to a Genocide: The
United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2002
Mary
Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, Cambridge:
Polity 1999 (and see Cosmopolitanism and organized violence, the global site 2000)
Oliver
Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse, Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary
Conflict, Cambridge: Polity, 1996
James
Mayall, ed., The New Interventionism 1991-94: United Nations Experience in
Cambodia, former Yugoslavia and Somalia, Cambridge: CUP, 1996
David
Rieff, Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West,
Harmondsworth: Penguin 1995
Ed
Vulliamy, ‘Bosnia: the crime of appeasement’, International Affairs, 74,
1, 1998, 73-92
James
Gow, Triumph of the Lack of Will, London 1997
Jane
Sharp, Bankrupt in the Balkans: British Policy in Bosnia, London: IPPR
1993
T
Cushman & SG Mestrovic, eds, This Time We Knew: Western Responses to
Genocide in Bosnia, New York: New York UP 1996
James
Petras and Steve Vieux, 'Bosnia and the revival of US hegemony', New Left
Review 218, 1996, 3-25
David
Chandler, Bosnia: Faking Democracy after Dayton, London: Pluto 1999
International Independent Commission on Kosovo The Kosovo Report: Conflict, International
Response, Lessons Learned. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000
Mahmood Mamdani, When
Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton:
Princeton University Press 2000